Teaching Truth in Nepali
through English

Teaching Truth in Nepali

 

 

 

 

 

Fast Nepali

 

—Nepali Language Use and Structure

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Download printable version—
fast_nepali_language01.pdf
.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Updated 26 May, 2019


 

INTRODUCTION

 

We can build up the structure of a sentence and apply the main features of Nepali language. We aim to achieve quickly a simplified but fluent and effective system of communication. (Hebrews 5:14)  This will form a robust framework on which to culture finer details later.

 

You may wish to learn one past, one present, and one future tense to begin with.  Nepali may have more grammatical rules than some neighbouring languages, but its rules follow consistent patterns. This makes it possible to convey thoughts precisely and clearly. So, it will be well worth your effort to learn these rules from the beginning. 

 

This introduction to Nepali is based on “Main Features of Sentence Structure and a Quick Overview of Your Foreign Language” available at www.jaspell.uk/fastanylanguage01.pdf.

 

LIST OF CONTENTS

 

 1–Pronunciation and Romanized Script

 2–Alphabet

 3–Words and phrases to be covered

   –and First Conversations

 4–Doers (Nouns and Pronouns)

 5–Action—process done (Verbs)

 6–Describing doers and objects (Adjectives)

 7–Qualifying actions or adjectives (Adverbs)

 8–Comparatives and Superlatives

 9–Adjustment of ‘objects’ by their ‘case’

10–Connectives

11–Conditional sentences (If X, then Y)

12–Interrogatives, relatives & correlatives

13–Expressions without equivalent

14–Additional features

15–Message from the Author

 

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                                     1 

1 – PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZED SCRIPT

 

Before you decide to learn the Devanagari script in which Nepali is written, you can use a Romanized form of writing.  The letters and their pronunciation are shown below, as extracted from:-

www.jaspell.uk/sounds_dev_unicode.htm and www.jaspell.uk/devanagari/pron.pdf.

 

Click on a character in the following chart to hear its sound.

 


 

CLASSIFICATION OF DEVANAGARI SOUNDS

 

C  O  N  S  O  N  A  N  T  S

V  O  W  E  L  S

Family

Hard

Soft

Soft

Soft

Hard

 

 

 

 

Held

Huffed

Held

Huffed

Nasals

Semi-

vowels

Spirants

Short

Long

Diphthongs

Guttural

ka    kḫa

ga   gḫa

ṅa

ha

a

ā

e  ê (ai/ei)

 

 

 

:

       

 

 

 

 

 

kaḥ

ka

ke

kê (kai/kei)

 

 

 

 

 

कः

का

के    कै

Palatal

ca   cḫa

ja   jḫa

ña

ya

śa

i

ī

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ki

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

कि

की

 

Cerebral

ṭa   a

ḍa  a

ṇa

ra

ṣa

ŗ (rri)

[rrii]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ṛa  ṛḫa

 

-

 

kŗ (krri)

 

 

 

 

ड़  ढ़

 

 

कृ

 

 

Dental

ta   tḫa

da   dḫa

na

la

sa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Labial

pa   pḫa

ba   bḫa

ma

va, wa

(ka+)ḥ

u

ū

o   ô (ow/au)

 

 

 

कः

   

Others

 

 

-

  ͂  

kā͂=kā+ ͂ 

ku

ko   kô (kau)

 

 

 

-

 

काँ

कु

कू

को   कौ

 

 

 

 

  ͂  

kĩ=ki+ ͂ 

 

k` (=k +
no vowel
)

 

 

 

 

 

किं

 

 

क्

 

Vowels are nasalized with a moon-dot (chandrabindu) or, if part of the vowel is above the bar, only a dot (bindu).  For example, kā͂  काँ and kĩ  किं. The nasal mark is Romanized as ‘  ͂  ’.

[Go to Top] [List of Contents]


 

                                   2 

2 – ALPHABET

Vowels and then consonants are in their order of sound classification.

 

Vowels in Devanagari Alphabetical Order (independent and trailing)

a अ ka ,  ā आ  का,  i इ ki कि,  ī ई  की,  u उ ku कु,  ū ऊ  कू,  ŗ ऋ  कृ,  e ए ke के,  ê ऐ  कै,  o ओ ko को,  ô औ  कौ,  ḥ ः kḥ कः,  ͂    कँ

a sounds mostly like ‘a’ in along, but like ‘o’ in pot in pa, pḫa, ba, bḫa, ma. (Contrast ‘a’ in calculate with ‘a’ in mangetout or wander.)

ā sounds long like ‘a’ in past, father or palm.

The English sound of ‘a’ in apple is written as a long ā with a chandra moon .  We will use ӑ, but ’ may be used instead, as in tyāksī (taxi).

A similar sound is written as e with a chandra moon . We’ll show it as ӗ.

i sounds short like ‘i’ in pill.

ī sounds long like ‘ie’ in believe.

u sounds short like ‘u’ in pull.

ū sounds long like ‘oo’ in pool.

ŗ sounds short like ‘ri’ in prickly or prismoidal.

e sounds of medium length like ‘e’ in pen or ‘ay’ in pay.

ê is classified as a long ē , but we’re using ê to show that it sounds like the diphthong ‘ei’ in feint or ‘ai’ in faint. (Many books Romanize as ‘ai’, but this can be confused with the short vowels ‘a’ and ‘i’ together—अइ)

o sounds of medium length like ‘o’ in told.

ô is classified as a long ō , but we’re using ô to show that it sounds like the diphthong ‘ow’ in now or, rarely, as in owner. (It is often Romanized as ‘au’, but this could be confused with short vowels ‘a’ and ‘u’ together—अउ.)

(‘visarga’) is abruptly expelled like ‘uhh’ or as ‘ah’ in Judah.

 `  is our Romanization of the halant (or hasanta) mark () that shows no vowel is present—as in paḍḫ`nu (not paḍḫanu) (to read).

  ͂  represents the nasalization of vowels, as in a, ã; ā, ā͂; , kā͂.


 

Consonants in the Alphabetical Order of Devanagari

(These are shown with the inherent vowel, ‘a’.)

 

Guttural:

  ka,   kḫa,   ga,   gḫa,   ṅa

   क,     ख,     ग,     घ,    

Palatal:

  ca,   cḫa,   ja,   jḫa,   ña

   च,     छ,    ज,    झ,   

Retroflex:

  ṭa,   ṭḫa,   ḍa,   ḍḫa,   ṇa,   ṛa,   ṛḫa

   ट,    ठ,     ड,      ढ,      ण,    ड़,    ढ़

Dental:

  ta,   tḫa,   da,   dḫa,   na

   त,    थ,     द,     ध,    

Labial:

  pa,   pḫa,   ba,   bḫa,   ma

   प,     फ,     ब,     भ,     

Semi-vowels:

  ya,    ra,    la,    va

   य,    र,     ल,    

Sibilant:

  śa,    ṣa,    sa

   श,    ष,   

Aspirant:

  ha

   

 

c sounds like ‘ch’ in ‘chin’.

is used to indicate that the associated consonant is ‘huffed’.  (Compare ‘bh’ in the English word, ‘abhor’.

h is a separate consonant, not like that is used to ‘huff’ consonants.

Foreign sounds are represented by adding a dot to the closest sounding Devanagari characters.  fa = फ़ ,  qa = क़ ,  za = ज़ .

                      [Go to Top] [List of Contents]

                                   3 

3 – WORDS AND PHRASES TO BE COVERED

      & FIRST CONVERSATIONS

Contents of Section 3

3.1—Introduction to Sentence Structure

3.2—Gradual Extension of Sentence Structure in Any Language

3.2.1—Game 1—Build Sentence Details

3.2.2—Game 2—Purpose

3.2.3—Game 3—Love

3.2.4—Game 4—Seed

3.2.5—Game 5—Your Own Photographs

3.3—First Conversations in Nepali

3.3.1—General Notes on Our Presentation

3.3.2—Example 1—How are you? Fine, thanks!

3.3.3—Example 2—I’m fine, thanks!

3.3.4—Example 3[You, please,] read this message!

3.3.5—Example 4What is it?

3.3.6—Example 5My name is X. What is God’s name?

3.3.7—Example 6No, he does not say his own message.

3.3.8—Example 7Yes, you give your little invitation.

3.3.9—Example 8He says [his] own name.

3.3.10—Example 9We say our faith, and …

3.3.11—Example 10No, they haven’t any invitation.

3.3.12—Example 11YOU speak very good news.

3.3.13—Example 12That man does good work.

3.3.14—Example 13If a good man does only good work, then …

3.3.15—Example 14—… then who does this bad work now?

3.3.16—Example 15Do you know the answer to the question?

3.3.17—Example 16We can explain.

3.3.18—Example 17We can explain the truth to you.

3.4—Review of First Conversations and Grammar Covered

 

 [List of Contents]

[Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]

3.1—Introduction to Sentence Structure

 

3.2—Gradual Extension of Sentence Structure in Any Language

 

Picture your thought and describe it

 

Learn to communicate your point very simply to begin with.  A good approach is to ‘picture’ your thought and describe it as best you can. As you master more of the language, you can add more details, if you wish.

 

3.2.1—Game 1—Build Sentences Using More and More Detail

 

Build up a sentence in stages, each time adding more detail.  Tell what is happening in this sequence of pictures.  Do this in your own language to learn this method.

 

A—Whom do you see?

B—What does he do?

C—What does his action affect?

D—Describe him.

E—Describe what his action affects.

F—Describe the action.

G—…and… describe what happens next.

 

For example, building from A, B, and C:-

  The boy | kicks | the ball.

Maybe you said (building from A to G):-

 ADblueAboy | BkicksFhigh | aEbrownCball, |
 Gand… |
  the girl catches it.

 

3.2.2—Game 2—Purpose

Use these pictures to describe God’s purpose for humans and the earth.

3.2.3—Game 3—Love

Use these pictures to describe how God wants us to treat others.

3.2.4—Game 4—Seed

Use these pictures to describe an amazing proof of God’s creation.

3.2.5—Game 5—Your Own Photographs

Select some of your own pictures or photos.  Make simple sentences to describe their main message.  Use the elements of sentence structure A-G illustrated above.  Try this with any language you know.

[List of Contents]

 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]

 

3.3—First Conversations in Nepali

 

Discover how to build simple sentences using the building blocks provided in these examples.  These illustrate most of the grammatical elements that will be explained in detail from Section 4 onwards.

 

3.3.1—General Notes on Our Presentation of Nepali Sentences

 

1. Note that throughout this course ‘YOU’ means the plural of ‘you’.
2. Note that English pronouns underlined are equivalent to the honorific form in Nepali.
3. Nepali letters with a dot below represent the ‘cerebral’ sound, not the ‘dental’ family.
4. In these Nepali spellings ‘_’ indicates that the adjacent letters get brought together as one syllable.
5. In these Nepali spellings ‘-’ indicates that the adjacent letters are in different syllables.
6. We will use two levels of ‘respect’—medium (M) and high or honorific (H).
7. I and we are person (1); you, you, YOU, and YOU are person (2); he, she, it, they, etc. are person (3).
8. Nepali has two forms of ‘be’—ho is definitive; cḫa is general with location, adjectives, etc.
9. fast_nepali_sounds_alphabet gives guidance on pronunciation.

 

 [List of Contents]

 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]

 

3.3.2—Example 1—How are you?

 

3.3.2.1—Toolbox

 

You * (2H)                                                    

              tapāī͂                4.2 : pronouns    

are (2H, generally)                                       

              hunuhuncḫa   5.5.3 : hunu        

                  (~“hunuhun-ch-ha”)                   

You are (2H, generally)                                

              tapāī͂ hunuhuncḫa                     

how? (in what state)                                     

              kasto?             6.2 : how?           

fine, O.K., well (in health)                            

              sanco                                          

              (~“san-cho”)       6.2 : how?           

* See [General Notes]

 

3.3.2.2—Stage 1

 

You are ….

 

You         are                    Verbs : to be

tapāī͂      hunuhuncḫa    5.5.3 : hunu

 

tapāī͂ … hunuhuncḫa.

 

3.3.2.3—Stage 2

 

How are you?

 

You     how    are?              6.2 : how? Adj.

tapāī͂  kasto  hunuhuncḫa?   Put verb last

 

tapāī͂ kasto hunuhuncḫa?

 

3.3.2.4—Stage 3

 

You are well.

 

You   well     are                  Adjectives

tapāī͂ sanco  hunuhuncḫa  6.2 : well

 

tapāī͂ sanco hunuhuncḫa!

 

3.3.3—Example 2—I’m fine, thanks!

 

3.3.3.1—Toolbox

 

I             ma               4.2 : Doers:

I am (generally)                        pronouns

              ma cḫu        5.5.3 : hunu, to be

fine, O.K., well

              sanco          6.2 : well

                  (~“san-cho”)

Thank you

              dḫanyavād

 

3.3.3.2—Stage 1

 

I’m fine, thanks.

 

I           fine        am.      4.2 : pronouns

ma       sanco     cḫu.     5.5.3 : hunu, to be

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

Thanks               [to you]   [be]

dhanya-vād      [ ]             [ ]

 

ma sanco cḫu, dhanyavād.

 

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 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]


 

3.3.4—Example 3[You, please,] read this message!

 

3.3.4.1—Toolbox

 

to read   paḍḫ`nu           5.1 : Verbs

‘Please be so kind as to…’ (2H) /

…if you would! …please!  5.9.1 :

              …-hos`!           Imperative

                                              Honorific

‘Please be so kind as to read’ (2H) /
[You] read, if you would [/please]!

                 [tapāī͂] paḍḫ`nuhos`!

                                          5.9.1

message sandeś             4.1 : Nouns:

                  (~“sandesh”)              doers

this        yo                     6.2 : adjectives

 

3.3.4.2—Stage 1

 

this message

 

this      message   

                                                                                        

yo                            6.2 : this, as an adjective

           sandeś       4.1 : Nouns as doers

yo       sandeś     

 

yo sandeś

 

3.3.4.3—Stage 2

 

[You, please] read this!

 

[You]     this    read, please!     5.9.1 :

                         paḍḫ`nuhos`!    Imperative

                                                              (2H)

[tapāī͂]               paḍḫ`nuhos`!   

[tapāī͂]   yo      paḍḫ`nuhos`!   

 

[tapāī͂] yo paḍḫ`nuhos`!

 

3.3.4.3—Stage 3

 

[You, please,] read this message!

 

[You]   this message  read, please.  5.9.1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

[tapāī͂]                      paḍḫ`nuhos`!    Imper-

[tapāī͂]      sandeś  paḍḫ`nuhos`!       ative

[tapāī͂] yo sandeś  paḍḫ`nuhos`!       (2H)

[tapāī͂] yo sandeś  paḍḫ`nuhos`!   

 

[tapāī͂] yo sandeś paḍḫ`nuhos`!

 

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 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]


 

3.3.5—Example 4What is it?

 

3.3.5.1—Toolbox

 

it, that    tyo            4.2 : pronouns

is (Low, generally)

              cḫa           5.5.3 : hunu, to be

it is (generally)

              tyo cḫa     generally, not as

                                        a definition!

what?    ke?            4.2 : Pronouns

 

3.3.5.2—Stage 1

 

It is.

 

It        [is]

           cḫa.

tyo      cḫa.

tyo      cḫa.

 

tyo cḫa.

 

3.3.5.3—Stage 2

 

What is it?

 

It       what     is       

                      cḫa    

          ke         cḫa?    The verb is placed last.

tyo    ke         cḫa?   

tyo    ke         cḫa?   

 

tyo ke cḫa?

 

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 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]


 

3.3.6—Example 5My name is X. What is God’s name?

 

3.3.6.1—Toolbox

 

-’s, of     -ko                        (masculine)   

                  -kī                        (feminine)     

                  -kā                        (plural)          

my          mero | merī | merā      - " -        

name      nām                      4.1 : Nouns    

to say; to tell  bḫannu       5.1 : Verbs     

[I] say, [I] tell                        5.5.1 : Conj    

              [ma] bḫancḫu          ugation      

is (defintively)  ho             5.5.3 :            

                                               hunu, to be    

god (generally)                       4.1 : Nouns    

              īśvar (~“eesh-shvar”)                

(Most High) God                                          

              parameśvar         4.1 : Nouns    

God’s     īśvar-ko               9.4 : Object    

                                                   nouns         

Jehovah yahovā                 4.1 : Nouns    

[we] say bḫancḫỗ               5.5.1 : Conju-

                  (~“b_ḫan_ch_ḫā_ung”)  gation 

we          hāmī /                  4.2 :               

                  hāmīharū                Pronoun     

Come,…! Let’s !                                            

              āo, …                   5.9.2 :            

                                                   Let us …!   

 

3.3.6.2 Stage 1

 

my name

 

my       name  

            nām    

mero   nām    9.3.1 : Possessive form of I

 

mero nām

 

3.3.6.3 Stage 2

 

I say my name. (Or, ‘I will say my name.’)

 

I        my       name   say             

ma                                              

ma                            bḫancḫu.    The verb

ma                nām     bḫancḫu.    is put last.

ma     mero    nām     bḫancḫu.   

 

ma mero nām bḫancḫu.

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 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]

 

3.3.6.4 Stage 3

 

My name is X.

 

my          name   X     is   

              nām            ho. 

mero      nām            ho.  5.5.3 : hunu to be

mero      nām     X    ho.     (definitively)

mero      naam   X    ho. 

 

mero nām X cḫa.

 

3.3.6.5 Stage 4

 

What is God’s name?  (Exodus 3:13-15)

 

God’s       name   what    is?  

                            ke?             12 : Interr-

                            ke        ho?    ogatives

                 nām     ke        ho?

īśvar-ko   nām     ke        ho?

īśvar-ko   nām     ke        ho?

 

īśvar-ko nām ke ho?


 

 

3.3.6.6 Stage 5

 

God’s name is Jehovah.  (Psalm 83:18)

 

God’s     name   Jehovah   is    

īsvarko                                     

īsvarko  nām                            

īsvarko  nām                     ho. 

īsvarko  nām     yahovā     ho.  Exodus 3:15

īsvarko  nām     yahovā     ho.  Matthew 22:37

 

īśvar-ko nām yahovā ho.

 

3.3.6.7 Stage 6

 

We say God’s name.

 

We           God’s     name say          

hāmīharū                                         4.2

hāmīharū                         bḫancḫỗ.  5.5.1 :

hāmīharū               nām   bḫancḫỗ.  Conju-

hāmīharū               nām   bḫancḫỗ.  gation

hāmīharū īśvar-ko nām   bḫancḫỗ. 

 

hāmīharū īśvar-ko nām bḫancḫỗ.

 

3.3.6.8 Stage 7

 

Let’s say God’s name! (Or, ‘Come, we say God’s name!’)

 

Come!  we             God’s     name  say     5.9.2

āo,                                                    Let us…

            hāmīharū                          

            hāmīharū                           bḫancḫỗ.

            hāmīharū                 nām   bḫancḫỗ.

            hāmīharū   īśvar-ko  nām   bḫancḫỗ.

āo,       hāmīharū   īśvar-ko  nām   bḫancḫỗ.

āo,       hāmīharū   īśvar-ko  nām   bḫancḫỗ.

 

āo, hāmīharū īśvar-ko nām bḫancḫỗ!

 

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[List of Contents]

 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]


 

3.3.7—Example 6

 

3.3.7.1—Toolbox

 

he, she (generally, near or far) (3M)

              unī                        4.2 : Pronoun

he says; he tells

              unī bḫancḫa        5.5.1 : Verbs

“No”     ahã

not (negative particle)

              na

he does not say; he does not tell

(literally: ‘he is not saying’)

              unī bḫandênan`   5.5.2 : Verbs

message sandeś (~“sandesh”)

his, her, its                              9.3

              usko | uskī | uskā

own        āpḫno                   6.2 : Adjective

his own  usko āpḫno

 

3.3.7.2—Stage 1

 

No, he does not say his own message.

 

He   his (own)  message   says not.        

unī                                                          

unī                              bḫandênan`.  5.5.2 :

unī                 sandeś   bḫandênan`.  not do,

unī  usko        sandeś   bḫandênan`.  etc.

unī  usko

        (āpḫno)  sandeś   bḫandênan`. 

 

ahã, unī usko āpḫno sandeś bḫandênan`.

 

3.3.8—Example 7Yes, you give your little invitation.

 

3.3.8.1—Toolbox

you (2H)     tapāī͂                    4.2 : Pronouns

                                                       as doers

you give (2H)                         5.5.1 : Conjug-

                 tapāī͂ dinu huncḫa  ation,honorific

your (2H)   tapāī͂ko|-kī|-kā    9.3 : Change

                                                    personal

                                        pronouns by case

one’s own   āpḫno               

invitation   nimto                4.1 : Nouns

little           sāno                 

“Yes”         ã (~“ang”)        

 

3.3.8.2—Stage 1

 

Yes, you give your little invitation.

 

Yes, You   your little   invitation   give

     tapāī͂                                    dinu huncḫa

     tapāī͂                         nimto  dinu huncḫa

     tapāī͂  tapāī͂ko           nimto  dinu huncḫa

     tapāī͂  tapāī͂ko sāno   nimto  dinu huncḫa

ã,   tapāī͂  tapāī͂ko sāno   nimto  dinu huncḫa

 

ã, tapāī͂ tapāī͂ko sāno nimto dinu huncḫa.

 

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3.3.9—Example 8He says [his] own name.

 

3.3.9.1—Toolbox

 

He,  she (3H near or far)

                 uhā͂                        4.2 : Pronouns

He says / tells (3H)              5.5.1 :

              uhā͂ bhannu huncḫa    honorific

his, her (3H near or far)

              uhā͂ko|-kī|-kā        9.3 : Changes

his own (3H); one’s own

              āpḫno                    6.2 : Adjective

name      nām                       4.1 : Nouns

 

3.3.9.2—Stage 1

 

He says [his] own name.  (The word ‘his’ gets omitted.)

 

He    [his] own   name   says.

uhā͂                                bḫannu huncḫa.

uhā͂                     nām     bḫannu huncḫa.

uhā͂   āpḫno        nām     bḫannu huncḫa.

uhā͂   āpḫno        nām     bḫannu huncḫa.

 

uhā͂ āpḫno nām bḫannu huncḫa.

 

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3.3.10—Example 9We say our faith, and …

 

3.3.10.1—Toolbox

 

we            hāmī / hāmīharū     4.2 : Pronoun

we say, we tell

              hāmīharū bḫancḫỗ   5.5.1 : Con-

          (~“b_ḫan_ch_ḫā_ung”)    jugation,

                                                    honorific

faith       viśvās

our         hāmro|-ī|-ā              9.5 :

              hāmro                      masculine

              hāmrī                       feminine

              hāmrā                      plural

-s’, of     -ko|-kī|-kā               (m.|f.|pl.)

and …    ra…                         10.1 : Connec-

                                                   tives

 

3.3.10.2—Stage 1

 

We say our faith, and …

 

We            our       faith     say,         and …

hāmīharū                           bḫancḫỗ  

hāmīharū               viśvās   bḫancḫỗ  

hāmīharū  hāmro  viśvās   bḫancḫỗ  

hāmīharū  hāmro  viśvās   bḫancḫỗ   ra

 

hāmīharū hāmro viśhvās bḫancḫỗ, ra

 

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3.3.11—Example 10No, they haven’t any invitation.

 

3.3.11.1—Toolbox

 

they (3M) (near or far)

                                        unīharū

their (3M) (near or far)

(masc.|fem.|plur.)     unīharūko|-kī|-kā

invitation                  nimto

sister                         bahinī

brother                     bḫāi

-s                              -harū

brothers                    bḫāiharū

is / exists (3L or M) generally

                                 cḫa

is no / exists not (3L or M) generally

                                 cḫêna

are / exist (3L or M) generally

                                 cḫan`

are not / exist not (3L or M) generally

                                 cḫênan`

they take (3M) (near or far)

                                 unīharū lincḫan`

they take (3H) (near or far)

                                 uhā͂harū linu huncḫa

“Yes”                       ã (~“ang”)

 

3.3.11.2—Stage 1

 

No, their invitation is not / exists not. (No, they haven’t any invitation.)

 

No,   their     invitation [ ]  is not. 5.5.4 :

                                           cḫêna  hunu -

                          nimto       cḫêna. to be

        unīharūko  nimto  [ ]  cḫêna. (negative)

ahã,  unīharūko  nimto  [ ]  cḫêna.

 

ahã, unīharūko nimto cḫêna.

 

3.3.11.3—Stage 2

 

Yes, my sister is / exists. (Yes, I have a sister.)

 

Yes,  my      sister   [ ] is.     

                                    cḫa.  

                   bahinī       cḫa.  

        merī   bahinī       cḫa.   9.5 : merī

ã,     merī   bahinī  [ ] cḫa.      (feminine)

 

ã, merī bahinī cḫa.

 

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3.3.11.4—Stage 3

 

Our brothers are / exist not. (We have no brothers.)

 

Our           brothers  [ ] are not. 

unīharūkā bḫāiharū      cḫênan`. 5.5.4 :

unīharūkā bḫāiharū      cḫênan`. hunu to be

unīharūkā bḫāiharū  [ ] cḫênan`. (negative)

 

unīharūkā bḫāiharū cḫênan`.

 

3.3.11.5—Stage 4

 

They take their invitation.

 

They      their  invitation  take.    

unīharū                          lincḫan`.  5.5.1 :

unīharū              nimto  lincḫan`.     Plural

unīharū  āpḫno  nimto  lincḫan`.     verb

 

unīharū āpḫno nimto lincḫan`.

 

3.3.12—Example 11YOU speak very good news.

 

3.3.12.1—Toolbox

 

YOU (3H plural)

                 tapāī͂harū              4.2 : Pronoun

YOU say, YOU tell               5.5.1 : Verb

              tapāī͂harū bḫannu huncḫa

news      khabar                  4.1 : Noun

very       dḫerê

              (~“d_ḫe_rā_ee”)   7 : Adverb

good      rāmro                    6.2 : Adjective

 

3.3.12.2—Stage 1

 

YOU speak very good news.

 

YOU         (very)

                   good   news     say.

tapāī͂harū                            bḫannu huncḫa.

tapāī͂harū               khabar  bḫannu huncḫa.

tapāī͂harū   rāmro  khabar  bḫannu huncḫa.

tapāī͂harū (dḫerê)

                   rāmro  khabar  bḫannu huncḫa.

 

tapāī͂harū dḫerê rāmro khabar bḫannu huncḫa.

 

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3.3.13—Example 12That man does good work.

 

3.3.13.1—Toolbox

 

man                          lognemancḫe

[the] man does    lognemancḫe garcḫa

work                    kām

he / she (M, generally, near or far)

                            unī

does (3M)            garcḫa

he works, he does work

                            unī kām garcḫa

good                    rāmro

that (demonstrative adjective); that one (pronoun)

                            tyo

 

3.3.13.2—Stage 1

 

That man does good work.

 

That  man                 good    work  does.

          lognemancḫe                      

          lognemancḫe                       garcḫa.

          lognemancḫe              kām   garcḫa.

          lognemancḫe  rāmro  kām   garcḫa.

tyo    lognemancḫe  rāmro  kām   garcḫa.

 

tyo lognemancḫe rāmro kām garcḫa.

 

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3.3.14—Example 13If a good man does only good work, then …

 

3.3.14.1—Toolbox

 

only            mātra                  7 : Adverbs

in the case whereby /             11 :

having happened, say /             Conditional

if, say           bḫane                     sentences

if (often omitted)                    Not needed

                       [yadi]                   with bḫane

then (invariably omitted)

                   [ta / taba]            Omit mainly

 

3.3.14.2—Stage 1

 

If a good man does only good work, then …

 

[If]  [a] good man                 good   work  only      does,     say,

                                                                                              [then]

                      lognemancḫe                                    garcḫa  

                      lognemancḫe              kām                garcḫa  

           rāmro  lognemancḫe              kām                garcḫa  

           rāmro  lognemancḫe   rāmro  kām                garcḫa  

           rāmro  lognemancḫe   rāmro  kām   maatra  garcḫa  

[yadi] rāmro  lognemancḫe   rāmro  kām   maatra  garcḫa  

[yadi] rāmro  lognemancḫe   rāmro  kām   maatrê  garcḫa   bḫane,

                                                                                              [taba]

 

rāmro lognemancḫe rāmro kām mātrê garcḫa bḫane, …

 

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3.3.15—Example 14… then who does this bad work now?

 

3.3.15.1—Toolbox

 

who?       ko?               12 : question

this        yo          (demonstrative adjective)

this one  yo                 4.2 : pronoun

              yo                 6.2 : adjective

bad        narāmro /

              kḫarāb         6.2 : adjective

now        ahile             7 : adverb

 

3.3.15.2—Stage 1

 

… then who does this bad work now?

 

… [then]  who  this bad          work   now   does?

                 ko                                                garcḫa?

                 ko                           kām              garcḫa?

                 ko     yo narāmro    kām              garcḫa?

                 ko     yo narāmro    kām    ahile  garcḫa?

… [tabe]  ko     yo narāmro    kām    ahile  garcḫa?

 

… ko yo narāmro kām ahile garcḫa?

 

3.3.16—Example 15Do you know the answer to the question?

 

3.3.16.1—Toolbox

 

whether, is it so?

                   ke…?                  12 : Question

you know    tapāī͂ jānnu huncḫa

                                                5.5.1 : Verb

question     praśna                 4.1 : Noun

of the question, question’s     9.4 : Changes

                   praśnako                to nouns

answer       uttar; javāpḫ      4.1 : Nouns

answer to the question          

                   praśnako uttar   (=…of the q.)

 

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3.3.16.2—Stage 1

 

Do you know [the] answer of [/to] the question?

 

whether

        You   question’s answer  know?

          tapāī͂                           jānnu huncḫa

          tapāī͂                  uttar  jānnu huncḫa

          tapāī͂ praśnako  uttar  jānnu huncḫa

ke

          tapāī͂ praśnako  uttar  jānnu huncḫa?

 

ke tapāī͂ praśnako uttar jānnu huncḫa?

[Go to Top]


 

3.3.17—Example 16We can explain.

 

3.3.17.1—Toolbox

 

explanation                             5.7.1 : Auxiliary

                   vyākḫyā           with a noun

to explain   vyākḫyā garnu

to be able, /                             5.7.2 :

  can           saknu                Auxiliary

                                             verb with

                                             another verb

to be able to do, /

  can do      garna saknu          - " -

we can do   hāmīharū garna sakcḫỗ

 

3.3.17.2—Stage 1

 

We can explain.

 

We       explanation   making | can    

hāmīharū                             sakcḫỗ    5.5.1

hāmīharū                  garna | sakcḫỗ   5.7.2

hāmīharū vyākḫyā   garna | sakcḫỗ   5.7.1

hāmīharū vyākḫyā   garna | sakcḫỗ  

 

hāmīharū vyākḫyā garna sakcḫỗ.

 

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 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]


 

3.3.18—Example 17We can explain the truth to you.

 

3.3.18.1—Toolbox

 

to …           …-lāī            A postposition

to you (2H) tapāīlāī        9.3: object case

that one      tyo                4.2: (pronoun);

that             tyo                6.2: (adjective)

it                 tyo                9.3: It, unchanged

(the) truth  satya             4.1: nouns

to be able   saknu           5.1: verbs

[I] can        sakcḫỗ          5.5.1: conjugate

to do/make garnu           5.1: verbs

[I] can do   garna sakcḫỗ 5.7.2: auxiliary

explanation  vyākḫyā    5.7.1: compound

 

3.3.18.2—Stage 1

 

We can explain that to you.

 

We          to you   it  explanation

                                                making | can

hāmīharū                                            sakcḫỗ

hāmīharū                                  garna | sakcḫỗ

hāmīharū                   vyākḫyā  garna | sakcḫỗ

hāmīharū              tyo vyākḫyā  garna | sakcḫỗ

hāmīharū tapāīlāī  tyo vyākḫyā  garna | sakcḫỗ

 

hāmīharū tapāīlāī tyo vyākḫyā garna sakcḫỗ.

 

3.3.18.3—Stage 2

 

We can explain the truth to you.

 

We           to you   the truth explanation

                                                            making | can

hāmīharū                                                     sakcḫỗ

hāmīharū                                             garna|sakcḫỗ

hāmīharū                              vyākḫyā garna|sakcḫỗ

hāmīharū               satya       vyākḫyā garna|sakcḫỗ

hāmīharū tapāīlāī satya       vyākḫyā garna|sakcḫỗ

 

hāmīharū tapāīlāī satya vyākḫyā garna sakcḫỗ.

 

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3.4—Review of First Conversations and Grammar Covered

 

Translate the following sentences into Nepali and check them against Examples 1-17 (3.3.2 – 3.3.18) above.

1.1. You are…

1.2 How are you?

1.3 You are well!

2. I’m fine, thanks.

3. Read this message, please!

4. What is it?

5.1 My name

5.2 I [will] say my name.

5.3 My name is [X].

5.4 What is God’s name?

5.5 God’s name is Jehovah. (Psalm 83:18)

6. He does not say his own message.

7. Yes, you give your little invitation.

8. He says his own name.

9. We say our faith, and …

10. They take their invitation.

11. YOU say/speak very good news.

12. The man does good work.

13. If a good man does only good work, then …

14. … then who does this bad work now?

15. Do you know the answer to/of this question?

16. We can explain.

17.1 We can explain that to you.

17.2 We can explain the truth to you.

 

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 [Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]


 

                                   4 

4 – DOERS (Nouns and pronouns)

 

Contents of Section 4

 

4.1—Nouns

4.1.1—Nouns Generally

4.1.2—Names of Days of the Week

4.1.3—Names of Months of the Year

4.2—Pronouns

4.3—Other Words Used Initially

         Except Nouns and Pronouns

4.4—Tasks 4.1-4.6

 

4.1—Nouns

 

4.1.1—Nouns Generally

 

Nouns are the name given to persons or things.

 

A few nouns are listed here, because these are used in our explanations.. You can learn more nouns from vocabularies and dictionaries or a list of a few hundred most used words. 

 

The plural is formed by appending ‘-harū’.

 

answer                          uttar / javāpḫ

explanation                   vyākḫyā / batāi

faith                              viśvās

God                               param󠅛eśvar

good news                     susamācār

invitation                      nimto / nimantraṇā

Jehovah                        yahovā

kindness                        kŗpā

man                               lognemāncḫe

message                        sandeś

messages                       sandeś-harū

name                             nām

news                              samācār / kḫabar

question                        praśna

truth                              satya

work                              kām

---

awareness, cognizance tḫāha

beginning / start           śuru

brother (younger /

  generally)                   bāi

doer                               garne

English person              ãgrej

father                            bubā

follower                        celā

forgiveness / pardon     kṣamā

friend                            sātḫī

happiness                      ānanda

help                               madat

kām garne                     doer of work /

                                      worker

Jesus                             yeśu

life                                 jīvan

meeting / gathering      sabḫā

mental disposition        mānasik jḫukāv

mother                           āmā

peace                            śānti

purpose                         uddeśya

sister (younger /

  generally)                   bahinī

soul—a living person,

  a ‘breather’                jīvita mānis

spirit—as one’s

  mental attitude           socne tārikā

talk / conversation /

  subject matter / topic  kurā / bāt

teacher                          śikṣak

the day after tomorrow parsi

tomorrow                      bḫoli

try / attempt                  kośiś

wish                               iccā

 

[Go to List of Contents]

 [Go to Start of Section 4—Doers]

 

4.1.1.1—Task 4.1.1.1

Select and learn nouns in 4.1.1 that you wish to use initially.

 

4.1.2—Nouns for Days of the Week

 

दिन १: सोमवार      din 1: somavār     Day 1: Monday

दिन २: मङ्‍गलवार din 2: maṅgalavār Day 2: Tuesday

दिन ३: बुधवार       din 3: budḫvār      Day 3: Wednesday

दिन ४: बिहिवार     din 4: bihivār       Day 4: Thursday

दिन ५: शुक्रवार     din 5: śukravār     Day 5: Friday

दिन ६: शनिवार     din 6: śanivār       Day 6: Saturday

दिन ७: आइतवार   din 7: āitavār        Day 7: Sunday

 

4.1.3—Nouns for Names of the Months

 

महिना १: जनवरी    mahinā 1: janawarī      Month 1: January

महिना २: फेब्रुअरी  mahinā 2: pḫebruarī    Month 2: February

महिना ३: मार्च        mahinā 3: mārc           Month 3: March

महिना ४: अप्रिल    mahinā 4: april            Month 4: April

महिना ५: मे           mahinā 5: me              Month 5: May

महिना ६: जून        mahinā 6: jūn              Month 6: June

महिना ७: जुलाई     mahinā 7: julāī            Month 7: July

महिना ८: अगस्त    mahinā 8: agast           Month 8: August

महिना ९: सेप्टेम्बर   mahinā 9: sepṭembar   Month 9: September

महिना १०: अक्टोबर                                  mahinā 10: akṭobar           Month 10: October

महिना ११: नोभेम्बर mahinā 11: nobḫembar           Month 11: November

महिना १२: डिसेम्बर                                   mahinā 12: ḍisembar        Month 12: December

 

4.2—Pronouns

 

Pronouns substitute for the actual name given to persons or things. Demonstrative pronouns stand alone.

 

who?                             ko?

                                      (ko + -le =

                                      kasle—see 9.3)

what?                            ke?

this, it, he/she (near)    yo

that, it, he/she (far)       tyo

they, those ones (near) yī

they, those ones (far)    tī

                                                                           


 

Personal Pronouns are listed here. This is their basic form that applies if they are the doer (subject, nominative case) in a clause.

  He said to me that I should tell him.

 

Note that in most languages this form of the nouns and pronouns may be modified in various ways, if they occur as the object (like me and him in this example).

  He said to me that I should tell him.

 

See the later consideration of “Changing Forms of Objects According to ‘Case’” (at 9.3.)

 

          SINGULAR           PLURAL

1        I           ma

1                                we             hāmīharū

2L     you      

2M    you       timī

2M                            you            timīharū

3LN  he, she  ū        

3LN                          they          

3LF   he, she  ū

3LF                           they          

3MN he, she  yinī     they/these  yinīharū

3M    he, she  unī      they           unīharū

3MF  he, she  tinī     those         tinīharū

3-N   this, it   yo       they, these

3-F    that, it  tyo      they, those

2H     you       tapāī͂  YOU          tapāī͂harū

3HN  he, she  yahā͂   these          yahā͂harū

3H     he, she  uhā͂     they           uhā͂harū

3HF   he, she  vahā͂   those         vahā͂harū

Note:

Levels of relative honour for persons:-

L=low; M= medium; H=high/honorific.

Proximity:-

N=near; F=far (contrast ‘this’ and ‘that’).

Changing forms with postpositions:-

  unī + -le becomes unle;

  tinī + -le becomes tinle

 

[Go to List of Contents]

 [Go to Start of Section 4—Doers]

 

4.2.1—Task 4.2.1

Select and learn pronouns in 4.2 that you wish to use initially.

 

4.3—Other Words Used Initially Other than Nouns and Pronouns

 

is (generally)                cḫa

is (definitively)             ho

Yes                                ã

No                                 ahã

how?                             kasto?

thank you                      dḫanyavād

and                                ra

whether? is it so?)        ke?

well                               sanco / rāmrarī /

                                        svastḫa / niko

unwell                           birāmī / bisanco

good / nice                    rāmro

bad / wicked                 narāmro / kḫarāb

where?                          kahā͂?

here                               yahā͂

there                              tyahā͂

when?                           kahile?

of                                   ko

person(s) (a particle)    janā

three [person] men       tīn [janā] māncḫe

thing(s) (a particle)       vaṭā

three [thing] books       tīn [vaṭā] kitāb

animal(s) (a particle)    vaṭā

two [animal] chickens  duī [vaṭā] kukḫurā

 

[Go to Top] [Go to List of Contents]

[Go to Start of Section 4—Doers]

 

4.4—Tasks

 

4.4.1—Task 4.1

    Try to learn the words in 4.3.

 

4.4.2—Task 4.2

 

Translate:-

1. yo sandeś; yī sandeś-harū

2. yo sandeś ke cḫa?

3. yo sandeś susamācār ho.

4. yo sandeś parameśvar ko susamācār ho.

 

Answers:-

1. this message; these messages

2. What is this message?

3. This message is good news.

4. This message is God’s good news.

 

4.4.3—Task 4.3

Translate:-

1. that book; those books

2. What is that book?

3. That book is God’s good news.

4. [The] book’s name.

5. What is [the] book’s name?

6. [The] book’s name is [the] Bible.

 

Answers:-

1. tyo kitāb; tī kitāb-harū

2. tyo kitāb ke ho?

3. tyo kitāb parameśvar ko susamācār ho.

4. kitāb ko nām.

5. kitāb ko nām ke cḫa?

6. kitāb ko nām bāibal ho.

 

4.4.4—Task 4.4

 

Translate:-

1. This name

2. What is this name?

3. This name is God’s name.

4. Where is [it]?

5. Here it is!

6. God’s name is here—it is Jehovah.

 

Answers:-

1. yo nām

2. yo nām ke ho?

3. yo nām parameśvar ko nām ho.

4. kahā͂ cḫa?

5. yahā͂ cḫa!

6. parameśvar ko nám yahā͂ cḫa—yahovā ho.

 

4.4.5—Task 4.5

 

Translate:-

1. yo nimto

2. yo nimto ko kurā

3. tyo nimto ko kurā ke ho?

4. yo sandeś ko kurā śānti ho.

5. ã, tyo śānti ko kurā ho.

6. śānti kahā͂ cḫa?

7. yo sandeś parameśvar ko susamācār ho.

 

Answers:-

1. This invitation

2. This invitation’s subject matter

3. What is the subject matter of that message?

4. This message’s subject matter is peace.

5. Yes, it is a matter concerning peace.

6. Where is peace?

7. This message is God’s good news.

 

4.4.6—Task 4.6

Revisit Task 4.2, but this time translate the answers into Nepali.

 

4.4.7—Task 4.7

Revisit Task 4.3, but this time translate the answers into English.

 

4.4.8—Task 4.8

Revisit Task 4.4, but this time translate the answers into English.

 

4.4.9—Task 4.9

Revisit Task 4.5, but this time translate the answers into Nepali.

 

 [Go to Top] [Go to List of Contents]

 [Go to Start of Section 4—Doers, Nouns]


 

                                         5 

5 – PROCESS DONE (Verbs)—Past, Present and Future

 

Contents of Section 5

 

5.1—Verbs Used in this Explanation

5.2—Past Tense—a Simple Form

5.2.1—Past Tense Base

5.2.2—Past Tense Use of ‘-le’ (by) with

            Some Objects

5.2.3—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings:-

            (Affirmative)—garnu

5.2.4—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings:-

            (Negative)—garnu

5.2.5—Tasks—Past Regular like garnu

5.2.6—Past Tense Use of ‘hunu’ (to be):-

            Development and Situation

5.2.7—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings:-

            (Affirmative)—hunu

5.2.7.1—Past Development (Affirmative):-

               was—ma bḫaẽ

5.2.7.2—Past Situation (Affirmative):-

               was—ma thiẽ

5.2.8—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings:-

            (Negative)—hunu

5.2.8.1—Past Development (Negative):-

               was not—ma bḫainã

5.2.8.2—Past Situation (Negative):-

               was not—ma tḫiinã

5.2.9—Tasks—Past Tense of hunu

5.3—Present Tense

5.3.1—Habitual Present Tense:-

            Regular, like ‘garnu’

5.3.1.1—Base ends in a consonant

5.3.1.2—Base ends in only one vowel

5.3.1.3—Base ends in two vowels together

5.3.1.4—Present Habitual Verb Endings

5.3.2—Habitual Present Tense:-

            ‘hunu’ Definitive and Variable

5.3.3—Continuous Present Tense

5.3.3.1—Base ends in a consonant

5.3.3.2—Base ends in only one vowel

5.3.3.3—Base ends in two vowels together

5.4—Future Tense—Simple Expectation

5.4.1—Present Tenses Used for the Future

5.4.2—Probable Future Tense Alternative

5.5—A Past, a Present, a Future Together

5.5.1—Regular like ‘garnu’—Affirmative

5.5.2—Regular like ‘garnu’—Negative

5.5.3—Irregular ‘hunu’—Affirmative

5.5.4—Irregular ‘hunu’—Negative

5.6—Causative Verbs

5.6.1—Base Verbs with Causative Verbs

5.6.2—Examples Using Causative Verbs

5.6.3—Tasks—Using Causative Verbs

5.7—Auxiliary Verbs

5.7.1—Auxiliary Verbs with a Noun

5.7.2—Auxiliary Verbs with Another Verb

5.8—Compulsion and Prohibition

5.8.1—An Action is Required or is Not

5.8.1.1—‘parcḫa’—‘behoove’

5.8.1.2—‘…-ne cḫa’—‘to be to …’

5.8.2—Past, Present, Affirmative, Negative

5.8.3—Intransitive (without an object)

5.8.4—Transitive: impersonal object

5.8.5—Transitive: personal object

5.8.6—Examples

5.8.6.1—Basic Examples

5.8.6.2—Detailed Examples

5.8.7—Prohibition

5.8.7.1—niṣedḫa—forbidden

5.8.7.2—‘Do not …’ for ‘You must not …’

5.8.8—Reported or Quoted Requirements

5.9—Imperatives

5.9.1—Positive Imperatives

5.9.1.1—For tapāī͂, add –hos`

5.9.1.2—For timī

5.9.1.3—Third Person, he, she, it

5.9.2—Let us …! Come, we …! āo, hāmī …!

5.9.3—Negative Imperatives

5.10—Future Tense—Probable Form

5.10.1—Future—Probable—Bases

5.10.2—Future—Probable—Affirmative

5.10.3—Future—Probable—Negative

5.10.4—Future—Probable—Tasks

5.11—Passive Verbs

5.11.1—Purpose and Pattern

5.11.1.1—Active and Passive Voices

5.11.1.2—Active Voice Grammar

5.11.1.3—Passive Voice Grammar

5.11.1.4—Details Lost in Translation

5.11.2—Example of dekḫinu—be seen

5.11.3—Other Passive Verbs

5.11.4—Tasks—Passive Verbs

5.12—Present Perfect Tense

5.12.1—Perfect Participle –eko (-ed)

5.12.2—Present Perfect Auxiliary Verb

5.12.3—Definitive Auxiliary ‘hoina’

5.12.4—Examples of Present Perfect

5.12.5—Tasks—Present Perfect

5.12.6—Cause-and-Effect with ‘X hunāle’

              (‘on X obtaining’)

5.13—Past Perfect Tense (Completed Past)

5.13.1—Past Perfect Auxiliary Verb

5.13.2—Examples of Past Perfect

5.13.3—Tasks—Past Perfect

5.13.4—Cause-and-Effect with ‘X hunāle’

              (‘X having obtained’)

5.14—‘-ne’: the Gerundive Idea of a Verb

5.14.1—The Action

5.14.2—The Doer of the Action

5.14.3—Tasks—‘-ne’ Gerundive Verb Form

5.15—Special Use of Verb Participles ‘bḫanera’ and ‘bḫaneko’

5.15.1—X bḫanera: saying X (to myself)

5.15.2—X bḫanera: recalling X

5.15.3—X bḫaneko: having said X (to myself) and intending X

5.15.4—bḫaneko ‘X’ ho: has the meaning ‘X’

 

[Go to List of Contents]


 

5.1—Verbs Used in this Explanation

 

  garnu            to do; to make

  hunu             to be (present:

                        definitive or changeable)

                        to be (past:

                        development or situation)

  bḫannu         to say; to tell

  āunu             to come

  garāunu       to cause to do;

                        to cause to make

  piunu            to drink

  jānu              to go

  jānnu            to know

  dḫunu           to wash

  sunnu            to hear; to listen

  sunāunu       to cause to hear; to tell

  siknu            to learn

  sikāunu        to cause to learn; to teach

  calnu            to go, proceed

  calāunu        to drive; to cause to go

  bujḫnu          to understand

  bujḫāunu     to make understood;

                        to cause to understand

  lagnu            to feel (=to be felt like)

                        to be applied

  lāgāunu        to apply; to fix

  kḫānu           to eat

  kḫuwāunu    to feed;

                        (to cause to eat)

  marnu          to die

  mārnu          to kill;

                        (to cause to die)

  cāhanu         to want to;

                        to wish to

  saknu            to be able to; (can)

  lyāunu          to bring

  linu               to take

  dinu              to give

  pāunu           to get, manage to, be able to

  dekḫnu         to see

  dekḫinu        to be seen

  tarsinu          to be frightened

  tarsāunu /

    darāunu     to frighten

  paḍḫ`nu        to read

  parnu           to fall

  pārnu           to cause to fall / render

  hĩḍnu            to walk about

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.1.1—Tasks

 

5.1.1.1—Task 5.1.1.1

Select and learn some of the verbs lists at 5.1.

 

5.1.1.2—Task 5.1.1.2

Translate:-

1. hunu, āunu, jānu, garnu

2. siknu, sikāunu, sunnu, sunāunu

3. dinu, linu, pāunu

 

Answers:-

1. to be, to come, to go, to do

2. to learn, to teach, to hear/listen, to cause to hear

3. to give, to take, to receive/obtain

 

5.1.1.3—Task 5.1.1.3

Translate:-

1. to want to, to be able to, to go, to do

2. to see, to be seen

3. to bring, to read

 

Answers:-

1. cāhanu, saknu, jānu, garnu

2. dekḫnu, dekhinu

3. lyāunu, paḍḫ`nu

 

5.1.1.4—Task 5.1.1.4

Translate the answers at Task 5.1.1.2 from English into Nepali.

 

5.1.1.5—Task 5.1.1.5

Translate the answers at Task 5.1.1.3 from Nepali into English.

 

5.2—Past Tense—a Simple Form

 

A simple past tense base (5.2.1) is modified with the verb endings shown at 5.5 below:-

  5.5.1—typical, like garnu (affirmative)

  5.5.2—typical, like garnu (negative)

  5.5.3hunu (affirmative)

  5.5.4hunu (negative)

 

5.2.1—Past Tense Base

 

The standard past tense base is formed by dropping ‘-nu’ from the dictionary form of the verb—as for garnu with its base ‘gar-’.  Other bases require different modifications, as listed below.

 

Refer-   Present                        Past

ence       Tense    Comment      Tense

Form     Base       (Ends in…)  Base      Comment

 

garnu       gar-     A consonant  gar-         (Normal)

āunu        āu-      2 vowels        ā-            Shortened

garāunu   garāu- 2 vowels        garā-       Shortened

piunu       piu-     2 vowels        pi-           Shortened

hunu        hu-      1 vowel          tḫi-/bḫa- Special*

jānu         jā-       1 vowel          ga-          Special

dḫunu      dḫu-    1 vowel: ‘-u’ dḫo-        Special

 

* See the separate details later for ‘hunu’ (5.2.3, 5.5.3) after the regular verb endings that follow the example of ‘garnu’ (5.5.1).

 

The regular verb ending for the first person singular is ‘ẽ’.

 

  I did—gar- + ẽ —ma garẽ

  I went—ga- + ẽ —ma gaẽ

  I was (situated)—tḫi- + ẽ —ma tḫiẽ

  I was (completed)—bḫa- + ẽ —ma bḫaẽ

 

Tasks—Working with Past Tense Bases

 

5.2.1.1 Task 5.2.1.1

Try to learn the past tense bases in 5.2.1.

 

5.2.1.2—Task 5.2.1.2

Attach the verb ending ‘ẽ’ to the verb base.

Translate:-

1. ma garẽ, ma gaẽ, ma āẽ, ma dhoẽ (See 5.5.1)

2. ma piẽ, ma garāẽ  (See 5.5.1)

3. ma tḫiẽ, ma bhaẽ (See 5.5.3)

Answers:-

1. I did, I went, I came, I washed

2. I drank, I caused to be done,

3. I was (situation); I was (development)

 

5.2.1.3—Task 5.2.1.3

Translate the answers at Task 5.2.1.2 from English to Nepali.

 

5.2.2—Past Tense Use of ‘-le’ (by) with Some Objects

 

If the verb affects an object, insert ‘le  (like ‘by’, ‘with the action of’) and change the form of the doer into the Indirect Object case.

  I didma garẽ

  I did workmêle kām garẽ (Note how ‘ma’ changes.)

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

Tasks—Working with ‘-le’ in the Past Tense

5.2.2.1 Task 5.2.2.1

Translate using:-

  Verbs listed (5.1),

  Past tense bases (5.2.1), and

  ‘-le’ rules (5.2.2)

1. garnu ; ma garẽ ; mêle tyo garẽ

2. paḍḫ`nu ; ma paḍḫẽ ;

3. mêle kitāb paḍḫẽ

4. bujḫnu ; ma bujḫẽ

5. mêle kurā bujḫẽ

6. dḫunu ; ma dḫoẽ ; mêle tyo dḫoẽ

7. garāunu ; ma garāẽ

8. mêle kām garāẽ

 

Answers:-

1. to do; I did; I did this

2. to read; I read (did read);

3. I read (did read) the book

4. to understand ; I understood ;

5. I understood the subject matter

6. to wash; I washed; I washed it

7. to cause to be done ; I caused to be done ;

8. I got [the] work done

 

5.2.2.2 Task 5.2.2.2

Translate using:-

  Verbs listed (5.1),

  Past tense bases (5.2.1), and

  ‘-le’ rules (5.2.2)

1. to come; I came

2. to go; I went

3. to cause to hear; I caused to be heard

4. I proclaimed good news

 

Answers:-

1. āunu ; ma āẽ 

2. jānu ; ma gaẽ 

3. sunāunu ; ma sunāẽ

4. ma susamācār sunāẽ

 

5.2.3—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings (Affirmative)—garnu

 

did

I                    ma gar

you L            garis`

you M           timī gar

he, she LN    ū garyo (m) garī (f)

he, she LF     ū garyo (m) garī (f)

he, she MN   yinī garyo (m) garī (f)

he MF           unī / tinī garyo (m)

she MF          unī / tinī garī (f)

this, it N        yo garyo (m) garī (f)

that, it F        tyo garyo (m) garī (f)

you H            tapāī͂ garnubḫayo

he, she HN   yahā͂ garnubḫayo

he, she HF    uhā͂ / vahā͂ garnubḫayo

---------:---------

we                    hāmīharū garyỗ

YOU L              -

YOU M            timīharū gar

they LN             gare

they LF              gare

they, these MN yinīharū gare

they, these MF unīharū/tinīharū gare

they, these N     gare

they, those F      gare

YOU H              tapāī͂harū garnubḫayo

they, these HN  yahā͂harū garnubḫayo

they, those HF  uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū garnubḫayo

L=Low; M=Medium; H=High/Honorific; N=Near; F=Far

 

5.2.4—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings (Negative)—garnu

 

did not do

I                     ma garinã

you L              garinas`

you M            timī garenô

he, she LN     ū garena (m) garina (f)

he, she LF      ū garena (m) garina (f)

he MN            yinī garenan` (m)

she MN          yinī garinan` (f)

he MF            unī / tinī garenan` (m)

she MF           unī / tinī garinan` (f)

this, it N          yo garena (m) garina (f)

that, it F          tyo garena (m) garina (f)

you H              tapāī͂ garnubḫaena

he, she HN      yahā͂ garnubḫaena

he, she HF      uhā͂ / vahā͂ garnubḫaena

---------:---------

we                   hāmīharū garenỗ

YOU L            -

YOU M              timīharū garenô

they LN            garenan`

they LF             garenan`

they, these MN yinīharū garenan`

they, these MF unīharū garenan`

                         tinīharū garenan`

they, these N    garenan`

they, those F     garenan`

YOU H             tapāī͂harū garnubḫaena

they, these HN yahā͂harū garnubḫaena

they, those HF uhā͂harū garnubḫaena

                        vahā͂harū garnubḫaena

L=Low; M=Medium; H=High/Honorific; N=Near; F=Far

 

5.2.5—Tasks—Past Tense of Regular Verbs Like garnu

 

5.2.5.1—Task 5.2.5.1

Translate using:-

  Verbs list (5.1)

  Past tense bases (5.2.1)

  ‘-le’ rules (5.2.2)

  Past Affirmative verb endings (5.2.3) and

  Past Negative verb endings (5.2.4):-

1. garnu ; ma garẽ ; ma garinã

2. paḍḫ`nu ; ma paḍḫẽ

3. ma paḍḫinã ; mêle kitāb paḍḫẽ

4. dḫunu ; ū dḫoyo

5. ūle tyo dḫoyo ; ūle tyo dḫoena

6. jānu ; unī gayo ; unī gayenan`

7. āunu ; timī āyô

8. timī āundê chô ; timī āenô

 

Answers:-

1. to do; I did; I did not

2. to read; I did read

3. I did not read ; I did read the book

4. to wash; he (L) washed

5. he (L) washed it ; he (L) did not wash it

6. to go ; he [/she] (M) went ; he (M) did not go

7. to come; you (M) came

8. you (M) are coming; you (M) did not come

 

5.2.5.2—Task 5.2.5.2

Translate:-

1. bujḫnu ; timī bujḫyô

2. timī bujḫenô ?

3. calnu ; yo calyo

4. yo calena

5. calāunu ; ma calāẽ

6. ma calāinã

 

Answers:-

1. to understand ; you understood

2. Did you not understand?

3. to move; it (N) moved

4. It (N) did not move

5. to cause to move [/to drive]; I drove

6. I did not drive

 

5.2.5.3—Task 5.2.5.3

Translate:-

1. to say; you (H) said

2. You (H) did not say

3. to know; I knew

4. I did not know the answer

5. to go ; he [/she] (M) went

6. He [/she] (M) did not go

 

Answers:-

1. bḫannu ; tapāī͂ bḫannubḫayo

2. tapāī͂ bḫannubḫaena

3. jānnu ; ma jānẽ

4. mêle javāph jāninã

5. jānu ; unī gayo

6. unī gaenan`

 

5.2.5.4—Task 5.2.5.4

Translate:-

1. garnu ; hāmīharū gayỗ

2. hāmīharū gayenỗ

3. paḍḫ`nu ; timīharū paḍḫ`yô

4. timīharūle kitāb paḍḫ`enỗ

5. dḫunu ; yī dḫoe

6. yasle tyo dḫoenan`

7. jānu ; unīharū gae

8. unīharū gaenan`

9. āunu ; tapāī͂harū āũnubḫayo

10. tapāī͂harū āũnubḫaena

 

Answers:-

1. to do; we went

2. We did not go

3. to read; YOU read (did read)

4. YOU did not read the book

5. to wash; they (L) washed

6. They (L) did not wash it

7. to go ; they (M) went

8. They (M) did not go

9. to come; YOU (H) came

10. YOU (H) did not come

 

5.2.5.5—Task 5.2.5.5

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.2.5.1 to 5.2.5.4 into the other language.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.2.6—Past Tense of ‘hunu’ (to be), Development or Situation

 

The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the habitual past. One describes a situation (or condition). The other reports a development in which the subject happened or became something.

 

1. A change or development happened or was completed

  ma bisanco bḫaẽI became ill.

  ma śikṣak bḫaẽI became a teacher

 

2. A situation existed

  ma bisanco tḫiẽI was ill

  ma yahā͂ tḫiẽI was here.

 

5.2.7—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings (Affirmative)—hunu

 

See also the combined table at 5.5.3.

 

5.2.7.1—Past Development (Affirmative)

… was (completely) / … became

 

I                           ma bḫaẽ

you L                    bḫais`

you M                  timī bḫayô

he L N&F            ū bḫayo (m)

she L N&F          ū bḫai (f)

he M N, F            yinī, unī/tinī bḫae (m)

she M N, F           yinī, unī/tinī bḫain` (f)

this, that/ it N&F  yo, tyo bḫayo (m)

this, that/ it N&F  yo, tyo bḫai (f)

you H                tapāī͂ hunubḫayo

he, she HN        yahā͂ hunubḫayo

he, she HF uhā͂/vahā͂ hunubḫayo

---------:---------

we                   hāmīharū bḫayỗ

YOU L:           -

YOU M           timīharū bḫayô

they LN            bḫae (m) bḫain` (f)

they LF                        -  "  -

they, these MN yinīharū  -  "  -

they, those MF unīharū/tinīharū  -  "  -

they, these N                       -  "  -

they, those F                        -  "  -

YOU H           tapāī͂harū hunubḫayo

they, these H  yahā͂harū       -  "  -

they, those H  uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū  -  "  -

 

5.2.7.2—Past Situation (Affirmative)

… was (located) / was (in a condition)

 

I                           ma tḫiẽ

you L                   tḫiis`

you M                  timī tḫiyô

he L N&F            ū tḫiyo (m)

she L N&F          ū tḫiī   (f)

he M N, F            yinī, unī/tinī tḫie (m)

she M N, F           yinī, unī/tinī tḫiin (f)

this, that/ it N&F  yo, tyo tḫiyo (m)

this, that/ it N&F  yo, tyo tḫiī   (f)

you H         tapāī͂ hunuhuntḫiyo

he, she HN yahā͂         -  "  -

he, she HF uhā͂/vahā͂  -  "  -

---------:---------

we                        hāmīharū tḫiyỗ

YOU L:                -

YOU M                timīharū tḫiyô

they LN                  tḫie (m) tḫiin (f)

they LF                             -  "  -

they, these MN yinīharū    -  "  -

they, those MF unīharū/tinīharū  -  "  -

they, these N                          -  "  -

they, those F                           -  "  -

YOU H          tapāī͂harū hunuhuntḫiyo

they, these H yahā͂harū              -  "  -

they, those H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū  -  "  -

 

5.2.8—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings (Negative)—hunu

 

See also the combined table at 5.5.4.

 

5.2.8.1—Past Development (Negative)

… was not (completely) / did not become

 

I                  ma bḫainã

you L           bḫainas`

you M         timī bḫaenô

he, she LN       ū bḫaena (m) bḫaina (f)

he, she LF        ū bḫaena (m) bḫaina (f)

he, she MN    yinī bḫaenan` (m) bḫainan` (f)

he, she MF unī/tinī bḫaenan` (m) bḫainan` (f)

this, it N        yo bḫaena (m) bḫaina (f)

that, it F        tyo bḫaena (m) bḫaina (f)

you H          tapāī͂ hunubḫaena

he, she HN     yahā͂ hunubḫaena

he, she HF uhā͂ / vahā͂ hunubḫaena

---------:---------

we       hāmīharū bḫaenỗ

YOU L:         -

YOU M     timīharū bḫaenô

they LN              bḫaenan`

they LF                         -  "  -

they, these MN  yinīharū  -  "  -

they, those MF  unīharū/tinīharū  -  "  -

they, these N               -  "  -

they, those F                -  "  -

YOU H    tapāī͂harū: hunubḫaena

they, these H  yahā͂harū      -  "  -

they, those H  uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū  -  "  -

 

5.2.8.2—Past Situation (Negative)

… was not (located) /

… was not (in a condition)

I                      ma tḫiinã

you L                tḫiinas`

you M              timī tḫienô

he, she LN       ū tḫiena (m) tḫiina   (f)

he, she LF        ū tḫiena (m) tḫiina   (f)

he, she MN    yinī tḫienan` (m) tḫiinan` (f)

he, she MF unī / tinī tḫienan` (m) tḫiinan` (f)

this, it N        yo tḫiena (m) tḫiina   (f)

that, it F        tyo tḫiena (m) tḫiina   (f)

you H            tapāī͂ hunuhunnatḫiyo

he, she HN     yahā͂ hunuhunnatḫiyo

he, she HF uhā͂ / vahā͂ hunuhunnatḫiyo

---------:---------

we                      hāmīharū tḫienỗ

YOU L:              -

YOU M              timīharū tḫienô

they LN             tḫienan`

they LF                         -  "  -

they, these MN  yinīharū  -  "  -

they, those MF  unīharū/tinīharū  -  "  -

they, these N               -  "  -

they, those F                 -  "  -

YOU H     tapāī͂harū: hunuhunnatḫiyo

they, these H  yahā͂harū           -  "  -

they, those H  uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū  -  "  -

 

5.2.9—Tasks—Past Tense of hunu

 

5.2.9.1 Task 5.2.9.1

Using hunu, guidance on usage at 5.2.6, affirmative endings at 5.2.7, and negative endings at 5.2.8, translate:-

1. hunu ; ma thiẽ ; ma bḫaẽ

2. timī bisanco tḫiyô ; timī sanco bḫayô

3. ū tyahā͂ tḫiyo ; ū rāmro keṭā bḫayo

4. bahinīharū yahā͂ tḫienan`

5. unīharū tyahā͂ tḫiin`

6. yeśu śikṣak hunuhuntḫiyo

7. unī parameśvar hunuhunnatḫiyo

 

Answers:-

1. to be; I was (situation); I was (development)

2. you were unwell; you became well

3. he (L) was there; he (L) became a good boy

4. [The] sisters (M) were not here

5. They (Mf) were there

6. Jesus (H) was a teacher

7. He (H) was not [the Most High] God

 

5.2.9.2—Task 5.2.9.2

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.2.9.1 into Nepali.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.3—Simple Present Tense

 

The simplest way to express actions happening at the present time is to use the habitual present tense. This can be modified easily to form the continuous present tense.

 

A present tense is constructed from two parts:-

  1. A present tense base—see below.

  2. Verb endings, as shown below.

 

See also the combined table at 5.5 below:-

  5.5.1—typical, like garnu (affirmative)
  5.5.2—typical, like garnu (negative)
  5.5.3hunu (affirmative)
  5.5.4hunu (negative)

 

Present Tense Base

 

The standard present tense base is formed by dropping ‘-nu’ from the dictionary form of the verb—as for garnu with its base ‘gar-’.

 

                 Present

Reference  Tense       Ending

  Form       Base

  garnu       gar-       A consonant

  āunu        āu-         Two vowels

  garāunu   garāu-   Two vowels

  piunu       piu-        Two vowels

  hunu        hu-         One vowel, ‘u’

  jānu         jā-          One vowel, ‘ā’

  dḫunu      dḫu-       One vowel, ‘u’

 

This base is used to form two tenses we shall work with:-

   Habitual Present Tense, as for garnu (5.3.1), or for hunu (5.3.2)
and

   Continuous Present Tense (5.3.3).

 

5.3.1—Habitual Present Tense—Regular, like ‘garnu’

 

For any verb other than hunuto be (see 5.3.2), find the last syllable of the present tense base (shown above at 5.3) for your verb. It may end in:-

  • a consonant, e.g. gar-

  • a single vowel, e.g. jā-, or

  • two vowels together, e.g. garāu-.

 

If the present tense base ends in a consonant, just add the appropriate verb endings (tabled at 5.5). Otherwise, if the base ends in a vowel, this requires you to apply the following nasalization rules before you add the appropriate verb endings (tabled at 5.5).

 

5.3.1.1—Base ends in a consonant

(e.g. garnu—gar ends in ‘r’)

 

Add the verb ending from the table.

  I do—gar+cḫu—ma garcḫu

  I do not do—gar+dina—ma gardina

 

5.3.1.2—Base ends in a single vowel

(e.g. jānu—jā ends in ‘ā’)

 

Affirmative: Insert ‘n-’. Add verb ending.

  I go—jā+n+cḫu—ma jāncḫu

 

Negative: Nasalize the vowel, e.g.ā͂’

This is pronounced as ‘ān’.

  I do not go—jā+ ͂ +dina—ma jā͂dina

 

5.3.1.3—Base ends in two vowels

(e.g. garāunu—garāu ends in ‘āu’)

 

Affirmative:

  1. Nasalize the second vowel with ‘  ͂

  2. Add the verb ending from the table.

  I come—āu+ ͂ +cḫu—ma āũcḫu

 

Negative:

  1. Nasalize the second vowel with ‘  ͂

  2. Add the verb ending from the table.

  I do not go—āu+ ͂ +dina—ma āũdina

 

5.3.1.4—Habitual Present Verb Endings

 

The Habitual Present Tense verb endings (tabled at 5.5) are arranged as:-

  5.5.1—typical, like garnu (affirmative)

  5.5.2—typical, like garnu (negative)

  5.5.3hunu (affirmative)

          —(See explanation at 5.3.2)

  5.5.4hunu (negative)

          —(See explanation at 5.3.2)

 

Tasks—Habitual Present Tense

 

5.3.1.5—Task 5.3.1.5

Translate using:-

  Verbs list (5.1)

  Present tense bases (5.2.1)

  Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)

  Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and

  Negative endings (5.5.2),:-

1. garnu ; ma garcḫu ; ma gardina

2. paḍḫ`nu ; ma paḍḫ`cḫu

3.  ma kitāb paḍḫ`dina

4. dḫunu ; ū dḫuncḫa

5. ū tyo dḫũdêna

6. jānu ; unī jāncḫan`

7. unī jā͂dênan`

8. āunu ; timī āũncḫô

9. timī āũdênô

 

Answers:-

1. to do; I do; I do not

2. to read; I read (do read)

3. I do not read the book

4. to wash; he (L) washes

5. He (L) does not wash it

6. to go ; he [/she] (M) goes

7. He [/she] (M) does not go

8. to come; you (M) come

9. You (M) do not come

 

5.3.1.6—Task 5.3.1.6

Translate:-

1. bujḫnu ; timī bujḫcḫô 

2. timī yo kurā bujḫdênô ?

3. calnu ; yo calcḫa ; yo caldêna

4. calāunu ; ma calāũcḫu

5. ma calāũdina

 

Answers:-

1. to understand ; you understand

2. Don’t you understand the subject?

3. to move; it (N) moves

4. It (N) does not move

5. to cause to move [/to drive]

6. I drive; I do not drive

 

5.3.1.7—Task 5.3.1.7

Translate:-

1. to say; you (H) say

2. You (H) do not say

3. to know; I know

4. I do not know the answer

5. to go ; he [/she] (M) goes

6. He [/she] (M) does not go

 

Answers:-

1. bḫannu ; tapāī͂ bḫannu huncḫa

2. tapāī͂ bḫannu hunna

3. jānnu ; ma jāncḫu

4. ma javāph jāndina

5. jānu ; unī jāncḫan`

6. unī jā͂dênan`

 

5.3.1.8—Task 5.3.1.8

Translate:-

1. garnu ; hāmīharū garcḫỗ

2. hāmīharū gardênỗ

3. paḍḫ`nu ; timīharū paḍḫ`cḫô

4. timīharū kitāb paḍḫ`dênỗ

5. dḫunu ; yī dḫuncḫan`

6. yī tyo dḫũdênan`

7. jānu ; unīharū jāncḫan`

8. unīharū jā͂dênan`

9. āunu ; tapāī͂harū āũnu huncḫa

10. tapāī͂harū āũnu hunna

 

Answers:-

1. to do; we do

2. We do not

3. to read; YOU read (do read);

4. YOU do not read the book

5. to wash; they (L) wash;

6. They (L) do not wash it

7. to go ; they (M) go ;

8. They (M) do not go

9. to come; YOU (H) come;

10. YOU (H) do not come

 

5.3.1.9—Task 5.3.1.9

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.3.1.5 to 5.3.1.8 into the other language.

 

5.3.2—Habitual Present Tense—‘hunu’, Definitive and Variable

 

The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the present. One is used with an adjective or a location; the other for defining.

 

  1. Definitive:-

    ma ãgrej hũI am an English (person).

  2. Variable (with an adjective or location):-

    ma yahā͂ cḫuI am here.

 

The endings tabled (Affirmative: 5.5.3, Negative: 5.5.4 ) for the verb ‘hunu’—in the Present tense when used (variably) with an adjective or a location—provide most of the endings for all other verbs in the present tense, as for ‘garnu’ (Affirmative: 5.5.1, Negative: 5.5.2).

 

5.3.2.1—Task 5.3.2.1

Translate using:-

  Verbs listing of ‘hunu’to be’ (5.1)

  Affirmative endings (5.5.3) and

  Negative endings (5.5.4),:-

1. ma hũ

2. ma sātḫī hũ

3. ma iśvar hoina

4. ma cḫu ; ma yahā͂ cḫu

5. ma tyahā͂ cḫêna

6. tapāī͂ sātḫī hunu ḫuncḫa

7. tapāī͂ śikṣak hunu hunna

 

Answers:-

1. I am (definitively)

2. I am (definitively) a friend

3. I am not God

4. I am (variably); I am (variably) here

5. I am not there

6. You (H) are a friend

7. You (H) are not a teacher

 

5.3.2.2—Task 5.3.2.2

Translate:-

1. We are (definitively) brothers

2. We are not gods

3. Where are (variably) YOU?

4. YOU are not there!

5. YOU (H) are friends

6. YOU (H) are not a teachers

 

Answers:-

1. hāmīharū bḫāi hỗ  / hāmī bḫāiharū hỗ;

2. hāmīharū iśvar hoinỗ

3. timīharū kahā͂ cḫô ?

4. timīharū tyahā͂ cḫênô!

5. tapāī͂harū sātḫī hunu ḫuncḫa ;

6. tapāī͂harū śikṣak hunu hunna

 

5.3.2.3—Task 5.3.2.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.3.2.1 and 5.3.2.2 into the other language.

 

5.3.3—Continuous Present Tense

 

The Continuous Present Tense Affirmative inserts ‘-dê ’ into the Simple Present.  (The negative of this is the same as the Habitual Negative.)

 

5.3.3.1—Base ends in a consonant

e.g garnu—gar ends in ‘r’

 

Affirmative:

  1. Add and the ending from the table.

  I am doing—gar+dê+cḫu—ma gardêcḫu

 

Negative:

  1. Same as Habitual Negative

  I am not doing—gar+dina—ma gardina

 

5.3.3.2—Base ends in a single vowel

 

Affirmative:

  1. Nasalize the vowel.

  2. Add and the ending from the table.

  I am going—jā+ ͂ +dê+cḫu—ma jā͂ cḫu

 

Negative:

As Habitual Negative:-

  I do not go—jā+ ͂ +dina—ma jā͂dina

 

5.3.3.3—Base ends in two vowels

 

Affirmative:

  1. Nasalize the second vowel with ‘  ͂

  2. Add and the ending from the table.

  I am coming—āu+ ͂ +dê+cḫu—ma āũdêcḫu

 

Negative:

  1. Same as Habitual Negative

  I do not come—āu+ ͂ +dina—ma āũdina

 

5.3.3.4—Task 5.3.3.4

Translate using:-

  Verbs list (5.1)

  Present tense bases (5.2.1)

  Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)

  Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)

  Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and

  Negative endings (5.5.2),:-

1. garnu ; ma garcḫu

2. ma gardê cḫu ; ma gardina

3. paḍḫ`nu ; ma paḍḫ`cḫu

4. ma paḍḫ`dê cḫu

5. ma kitāb paḍḫ`dina

6. dḫunu ; ū dḫuncḫa

7. ū dḫundê cḫa ; ū tyo dḫũdêna

8. jānu ; unī jāncḫan`

9. unī jā͂dê cḫan` ; unī jā͂dênan`

10. āunu ; timī āũncḫô

11. timī āũndê cḫô

12. timī āũdênô

 

Answers:-

1. to do; I do

2. I am doing; I am not doing

3. to read; I read (do read)

4. I am reading

5. I am not reading the book

6. to wash; he (L) washes

7. He (L) is washing; he (L) does not wash it

8. to go ; he [/she] (M) goes

9. He (M) is going ; he (M) is not going

10. to come; you (M) come

11. You (M) are coming

12. You (M) are not coming

 

5.3.3.5—Task 5.3.3.5

Translate:-

1. bujḫnu ; timī bujḫdê cḫô

2. timī bujḫdênô ?

3. calnu ; yo caldê cḫa

4. yo caldêna

5. calāunu

6. ma calāũdê cḫu

7. ma calāũdina

 

Answers:-

1. to understand ; you are understanding

2. Are you not understanding?

3. to move; it (N) is moving

4. It (N) is not moving

5. to cause to move [/to drive]

6. I am driving

7. I do not drive [/am not driving]

 

5.3.3.6—Task 5.3.3.6

Translate:-

1. to say; you (H) are saying

2. You (H) do not say [/are not saying]

3. to know; I am knowing

4. I am not knowing the answer

5. to go ; he [/she] (M) is going

6. He [/she] (M) is not going

 

Answers:-

1. bḫannu ; tapāī͂ bḫannu hundê cḫa

2. tapāī͂ bḫannu hunna

3. jānnu ; ma jāndê cḫu

4. ma javāph jāndina

5. jānu ; unī jāndê cḫan`

6. unī jā͂dênan`

 

5.3.3.7—Task 5.3.3.7

Translate:-

1. garnu ; hāmīharū gardêcḫỗ

2. hāmīharū gardênỗ

3. paḍḫ`nu ; timīharū paḍḫ`dê cḫô

4. timīharū kitāb paḍḫ`dênỗ

5. dḫunu ; yī dḫundˆcḫan`

6. yī tyo dḫũdênan`

7. jānu ; unīharū jāndê cḫan`

8. unīharū jā͂dênan`

9. āunu ; tapāī͂harū āũnu hundê cḫa

10. tapāī͂harū āũnu hunna

 

Answers:-

1. to do; we are doing

2. We do not [/we are not doing]

3. to read; YOU are reading

4. YOU are not reading the book

5. to wash; they (L) are washing

6. They (L) are not washing it

7. to go ; they (M) are going

8. They (M) are not going

9. to come; YOU (H) are coming

10. YOU (H) are not coming

 

5.3.3.8—Task 5.3.3.8

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.3.3.4 to 5.3.3.7 into the other language.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]


 

5.4—Future Tense—a Simple Form of Expectation

 

The way future events are described depends on their level of certainty.  Use either:-

•  A present tense : if you are sure, or

•  Probable future tense : if you’re unsure.

 

5.4.1—Present Tenses Used for the Future

 

If you are sure that the event will happen, you can use either the simple present tense or the present continuous and add a word like ‘later’—‘pachi’, or ‘tomorrow’‘bḫoli’.

 

Using the Simple Present Tense:-

  I do work later

  —ma pacḫi kām garcḫu

 

Or, using the Present Continuous Tense, insert ‘-dê ’:-

  I’m doing work later

  —ma pacḫi kām gar cḫu

 

Using to come—āunu and the endings listed below:-

  He will come tomorrow

  —tinī bḫoli āu͂cḫan`

  He is coming tomorrow

  —tinī bḫoli āu͂ cḫan`

  I am not coming tomorrow

  —ma bḫoli āu͂dina

 

5.4.2—Probable Future Tense

 

The Probable Future Tense can be used to include some doubt.  It is more complicated to conjugate. See 5.10.

 

Tasks—Simple Future Tense

 

5.4.3—Task 5.4.3

Translate using:-

 

  Verbs list (5.1)

  Present tense bases (5.3)

  Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)

  Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)

  Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and

  Negative endings (5.5.2),:-

 

1. pacḫi ; bḫoli ; parsi

2. ma pacḫi jāncḫu ; ma bḫoli jā͂dina 

3. unī parsi kām gardênan`.

 

Answers:-

1. later; tomorrow; the day after tomorrow

2. I will go later; I am not going tomorrow

3. He (M) is not working the day after tomorrow.

 

5.4.4—Task 5.4.4

1. to come; I come / I will come;

2. I am coming / I will come

3. I will come later; I am coming tomorrow

4. I do not come / I am not coming;

5. I am not coming the day after tomorrow

 

Answers:-

1. āunu ; ma āũncḫu ;

2. ma āũndê cḫu 

3. ma pacḫi āũncḫu ; ma bḫoli āũndê cḫu 

4. ma āũdina

5. ma parsi āũdina

 

5.4.5—Task 5.4.5

1. hāmīharū bḫoli kām garcḫỗ.

2. timīharū parsi kahā͂ jāncḫô / jā͂dêcḫô ?

3. tapāī͂ pacḫi tyo siknu huncḫa.

 

Answers:-

1. We will work tomorrow.

2. Where will YOU (M) you go [ / are YOU going]

     the day after tomorrow?

3. You (H) will learn that later.

 

5.4.6—Task 5.4.6

Translate:-

1. unī kahile jāncḫan` ?

2. unī kahile jāndê cḫan` ?

3. timī ke āũncḫô ? timī ke āũndê cḫô ?

4. timī ke āũdênô ?

5. bḫoli ma yo kitāb paḍḫ`dê cḫu.

 

Answers:-

1. When will he [ / she] (M) go ;

2. When is he [ / she] (M) going?

3. Will you (M) come? Are you (M) coming?

4. Are  you (M) not coming

5. Tomorrow I will be reading this book

 

5.4.7—Task 5.4.7

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.4.3 to 5.4.6 into the other language.

 

  [Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.5—One Simple Tenses for each of the Past, Present, and Future Listed Together

 

The following tables combine some of the information provided in 5.2—Past, 5.3—Present, and 5.4—Future.  We recommend that you print these tables out using the pdf version, as these sheets will enable you to find quickly and easily a way of recounting understandably any action from any time.

The main idea here is to focus initially on the minimum of information about verbs that is needed to get started and achieve practical, effective communication—using just three simple tenses—one for the past, one for the present, and one for the future.  Each of these needs two forms—affirmative and negative.

First , we need two tables are for a typical regular verb (like ‘garnu’)—one is affirmative; the other is negative. Explanation of the Simple Past Tense is provided at 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.  A simple present (habitual) tense is explained at 5.3.1.

After that, we have two more tables.  These are for an irregular verb, ‘hunu’‘to be’: one is for the affirmative; the other is for the negative. The past tense is explained at 5.2.3.  The present tense is explained at 5.3.2.

 

5.5.1—Simple Tenses Listed Together—Affirmative, Regular

 

This table lists verb endings for the affirmative of the verb ‘garnu’—‘to do’. Other verbs can have the same endings attached to their stem instead of ‘gar-’ according to the rules described in 5.2.1 for the past tense, 5.3.1 for the present tense, and 5.4.1 for the future tense.


 

Simple Tenses (Affirmative) for ‘garnu’—to do, to make

Person

Past

Present

Future

pacḫi gar-  /

pacḫi gardê …

I             ma

gar

garcḫu

pacḫi gardê cḫu

you L           

garis`

garcḫas`

pacḫi gardê cḫas`

you M         timī

gar

garcḫô

pacḫi gardê cḫô

he, she LN       ū

garyo (m) garī (f)

garcḫa

pacḫi gardê cḫa

he, she LF        ū

garyo (m) garī (f)

garcḫa

pacḫi gardê cḫa

he, she MN    yinī

garyo (m) garī (f)

garcḫan`

pacḫi gardê cḫan`

he, she MF

unī / tinī

garyo (m) garī (f)

garcḫan`

pacḫi gardê cḫan`

this, it N       yo

garyo (m) garī (f)

garcḫa

pacḫi gardê cḫa

that, it F       tyo

garyo (m) garī (f)

garcḫa

pacḫi gardê cḫa

you H        tapāī͂

garnubḫayo

garnu huncḫa

pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa

he, she HN    yahā͂

garnubḫayo

garnu huncḫa

pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa

he, she HF

uhā͂ / vahā͂

garnubḫayo

garnu huncḫa

pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa

---------

---------

---------

---------

we       hāmīharū

garyỗ

garcḫỗ

pacḫi gardê cḫỗ

 

 

 

 

you M     timīharū

gar

garcḫô

pacḫi gardê cḫô

they LN       

gare

garcḫan`

pacḫi gardê cḫan`

they LF         

gare

garcḫan`

pacḫi gardê cḫan`

they, these MN

yinīharū

gare

garcḫan`

pacḫi gardê cḫan`

they, those MF

unīharū/tinīharū

gare

garcḫan`

pacḫi gardê cḫan`

they, these N     

gare

garcḫan`

pacḫi gardê cḫan`

they, those F     

gare

garcḫan`

pacḫi gardê cḫan`

you H    tapāī͂harū

garnubḫayo

garnu huncḫa

pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa

they, these H

yahā͂harū

garnubḫayo

garnu huncḫa

pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa

they, those H

uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū

garnubḫayo

garnu huncḫa

pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]


 

5.5.2—Simple Tenses Listed Together—Negative, Regular

 

This table lists endings for the negative of the verb ‘garnu’—‘to do’. Other verbs take these endings after their stem instead of ‘gar-’ according to the rules described in 5.2.1, 5.3.1, and 5.4.1.

 

Simple Tenses (Negative) for ‘garnu’—to do, to make

Person

Past

Present

Future

I             ma

garinã

gardina

pacḫi gardina

you L           

garinas`

gardinas`

pacḫi gardinas`

you M         timī

garenô

gardênô

pacḫi gardênô

he, she LN       ū

garena (m) garina (f)

gardêna

pacḫi gardêna

he, she LF        ū

garena (m) garina (f)

gardêna

pacḫi gardêna

he, she MN    yinī

garenan` (m)
garinan` (f)

gardênan`

pacḫi gardênan`

he, she MF

unī / tinī

garenan` (m)
garinan` (f)

gardênan`

pacḫi gardênan`

this, it N       yo

garena (m)
garina (f)

gardêna

pacḫi gardêna

that, it F       tyo

garena (m)
garina (f)

gardêna

pacḫi gardêna

you H        tapāī͂

garnubḫaena

garnu hunna

pacḫi garnu hunna

he, she HN    yahā͂

garnubḫaena

garnu hunna

pacḫi garnu hunna

he, she HF

uhā͂ / vahā͂

garnubḫaena

garnu hunna

pacḫi garnu hunna

---------

---------

---------

---------

we       hāmīharū

garenỗ

gardênỗ

pacḫi gardênỗ

 

 

 

 

you M     timīharū

garenô

gardênô

pacḫi gardênô

they LN       

garenan`

gardênan`

pacḫi gardênan`

they LF         

garenan`

gardênan`

pacḫi gardênan`

they, these MN

yinīharū

garenan`

gardênan`

pacḫi gardênan`

they, those MF

unīharū/tinīharū

garenan`

gardênan`

pacḫi gardênan`

they, these N     

garenan`

gardênan`

pacḫi gardênan`

they, those F     

garenan`

gardênan`

pacḫi gardênan`

you H    tapāī͂harū

garnubḫaena

garnu hunna

pacḫi garnu hunna

they, these H

yahā͂harū

garnubḫaena

garnu hunna

pacḫi garnu hunna

they, those H

uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū

garnubḫaena

garnu hunna

pacḫi garnu hunna

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.5.3—Irregular Simple Tenses for ‘hunu’—Affirmative

 

The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the present. One is used with an adjective or a location; the other for defining.

 

  1. Definitive:-

    ma ãgrej hũI am an English (person).

  2. Variable (with an adjective or location):-

    ma yahā͂ cḫuI am here.

 

Section 5.3.2 provides more detail and work examples in the present.

 

The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the habitual past. One describes a situation (or condition). The other reports a development in which the subject happened or became something.

 

  1. A situation existed

      ma bisanco tḫiẽI was ill

      ma yahā͂ tḫiẽI was here.

  2. A change or development happened

      ma bisanco bḫaẽI became ill.

      ma śikṣak bḫaẽI became a teacher

 

Sections 5.2.6-5.2.9 provide more detail and worked examples using the past tense.

 

The verb endings tabled below for the verb ‘hunu’—in the Present tense when used with an adjective or a location—provide most of the endings for all other verbs in the present tense, as for ‘garnu’ above.

 


 

Simple Tenses (Affirmative) for ‘hunu’—to be

Person

Past

Devel-

opment |

| Situation

Present

with      

for     location or

defining | adjective

Future

 

 

(bḫoli yahā͂ …)

I             ma

bḫaẽ | tḫiẽ

     |     cḫu

(..) hunecḫu

you L           

bḫais` | tḫiis`

hos`     |     cḫas`

(..) hunecḫas`

you M         timī

bḫayô | tḫiyô

     |     cḫô

(..) hunecḫô

he, she LN       ū

bḫayo | tḫiyo (m)
bḫai | tḫiī   (f)

ho     |     cḫa

(..) hunecḫa

he, she LF        ū

bḫayo | tḫiyo (m)
bḫai | tḫiī   (f)

ho     |     cḫa

(..) hunecḫa

he, she MN    yinī

bḫae | tḫie (m)
bḫain` | tḫiin (f)

hun`   |   cḫan`

(..) hunecḫan`

he, she MF

unī / tinī

bḫae | tḫie (m)
bḫain` | tḫiin (f)

hun`   |   cḫan`

(..) hunecḫan`

this, it N       yo

bḫayo | tḫiyo (m)
bḫai | tḫiī   (f)

ho     |     cḫa

(..) hunecḫa

that, it F       tyo

bḫayo | tḫiyo (m)
bḫai | tḫiī   (f)

ho     |     cḫa

(..) hunecḫa

you H        tapāī͂

hunubḫayo |

hunuhuntḫiyo

hunu huncḫa

(..) hunuhuncḫa

he, she HN    yahā͂

hunubḫayo |

hunuhuntḫiyo

hunu huncḫa

(..) hunuhuncḫa

he, she HF

uhā͂ / vahā͂

hunubḫayo |

hunuhuntḫiyo

hunu huncḫa

(..) hunuhuncḫa

---------

---------

---------

---------

we       hāmīharū

bḫayỗ | tḫiyỗ

hỗ     |     cḫỗ

(..) hunecḫỗ

 

 

 

 

you M     timīharū

bḫayô | tḫiyô

     |     cḫô

(..) hunecḫô

they LN       

   bḫae | tḫie (m)
bḫain` | tḫiin (f)

hun`    |    cḫan`

(..) hunecḫan`

they LF         

  bḫae | tḫie (m)
bḫain` | tḫiin (f)

hun`    |    cḫan`

(..) hunecḫan`

they, these MN

yinīharū

  bḫae | tḫie (m)
bḫain` | tḫiin (f)

hun`    |    cḫan`

(..) hunecḫan`

they, those MF

unīharū/tinīharū

  bḫae | tḫie (m)
bḫain` | tḫiin (f)

hun`    |    cḫan`

(..) hunecḫan`

they, these N     

  bḫae | tḫie (m)
bḫain` | tḫiin (f)

hun`    |    cḫan`

(..) hunecḫan`

they, those F     

  bḫae | tḫie (m)
bḫain` | tḫiin (f)

hun`    |    cḫan`

(..) hunecḫan`

you H    tapāī͂harū

hunubḫayo |

hunuhuntḫiyo

hunu huncḫa

(..) hunuhuncḫa

they, these H

yahā͂harū

hunubḫayo |

hunuhuntḫiyo

hunu huncḫa

(..) hunuhuncḫa

they, those H

uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū

hunubḫayo |

hunuhuntḫiyo

hunu huncḫa

(..) hunuhuncḫa

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.5.4—Irregular Simple Tenses for ‘hunu’—Negative

 

The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’—has two forms in the present.  One is used for defining; the other is used with an adjective or a location.

 

  1. Definitive:-

      ma ãgrej hoina

        —I am not an English (person)

  2. Variable (with an adjective or location):-

      ma yahā͂ cḫêna

        —I am not here

 

Alternative forms cḫênã and hoinã are found, as at Luke 18:11—perhaps when the speaker rightly or wrongly speaks from a superior status.

 

The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the habitual past. One describes a situation (or condition). The other reports a development in which the subject happened or became something.

 

  1. A situation existed

    ma bisanco tḫiinãI was not ill

    ma yahā͂ tḫiinãI was not here.

  2. A change or development happened

    ma bisanco bḫainãI became ill.

    ma śikṣak bḫainãI became a teacher

 

Section 5.3.2 provides more detail and work examples in the present.

Sections 5.2.6-5.2.9 provide more detail and worked examples using the past tense.

 

These endings for the verb ‘hunu’—when used in the Present tense with an adjective or a location—provide the key for most of the endings of all other verbs in the present tense, as for ‘garnu’ above.

 

Simple Tenses (Negative) for ‘hunu’—to be

Person

Past

 

Dev-

elopment | Situation

Present

with      

for     location or

defining | adjective

Future

 

 

(bḫoli yahā͂ …)

I               ma   

bḫainã | tḫiinã

hoina | cḫêna

(..) hunecḫêna

you L           

bḫainas` | tḫiinas`

hoinas` | cḫênas`

(..) hunecḫênas`

you M         timī

bḫaenô | tḫienô

hoinô | cḫênô

(..) hunecḫênô

he, she LN       ū

bḫaena | tḫiena (m)
bḫaina | tḫiina   (f)

hoina | cḫêna

(..) hunecḫêna

he, she LF        ū

bḫaena | tḫiena (m)
bḫaina | tḫiina   (f)

hoina  | cḫêna

(..) hunecḫêna

he, she MN    yinī

bḫaenan`| tḫienan` (m)
bḫainan`| tḫiinan` (f)

hoinan` | cḫênan`

(..) hunecḫênan`

he, she MF

unī / tinī

bḫaenan`| tḫienan` (m)
bḫainan`| tḫiinan` (f)

hoinan` | cḫênan`

(..) hunecḫênan`

this, it N        yo

bḫaena | tḫiena (m)
bḫaina | tḫiina   (f)

hoina | cḫêna

(..) hunecḫêna

that, it F        tyo

bḫaena | tḫiena (m)
bḫaina | tḫiina   (f)

hoina | cḫêna

 

(..) hunecḫêna

you H          tapāī͂

hunubḫaena |

hunuhunnatḫiyo

hunu hunna

(..) hunu hunna

he, she HN     yahā͂

hunubḫaena |

hunuhunnatḫiyo

hunu hunna

(..) hunu hunna

he, she HF

uhā͂ / vahā͂

hunubḫaena |

hunuhunnatḫiyo

hunu hunna

(..) hunu hunna

---------

---------

---------

---------

we       hāmīharū

bḫaenỗ | tḫienỗ

hoinỗ | cḫênỗ

(..) hunecḫênỗ

 

 

 

 

you M     timīharū

bḫaenô | tḫienô

hoinô | chênô

(..) hunecḫênô

they LN         

bḫaenan`| tḫienan`

hoinan` | cḫênan`

(..) hunecḫênan`

they LF           

bḫaenan`| tḫienan`

hoinan` | cḫênan`

(..) hunecḫênan`

they, these MN

yinīharū

bḫaenan`| tḫienan`

hoinan` | cḫênan`

(..) hunecḫênan`

they, those MF

unīharū/tinīharū

bḫaenan`| tḫienan`

hoinan` | cḫênan`

(..) hunecḫênan`

they, these N     

bḫaenan`| tḫienan`

hoinan` | cḫênan`

(..) hunecḫênan`

they, those F     

bḫaenan`| tḫienan`

hoinan` | cḫênan`

(..) hunecḫênan`

you H    tapāī͂harū

hunubḫaena |

hunuhunnatḫiyo

hunu hunna

(..) hunu hunna

they, these H

yahā͂harū

hunubḫaena |

hunuhunnatḫiyo

hunu hunna

(..) hunu hunna

they, those H

uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū

hunubḫaena |

hunuhunnatḫiyo

hunu hunna

(..) hunu hunna

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]


 

5.6—Causative Verbs

 

The thought behind causative verbs is like:-

  He causes us to see = He shows us.

 

5.6.1—Base Verbs and Their Causative Verbs

 

Base: garnuto do, make

Causative: garāunuto cause to do or make

 

Base: sunnuto hear

Causative: sunāunuto tell; to cause to hear

 

Base: bujḫnuto understand

Causative: bujḫāunuto make understood

 

Base: calnuto go, proceed

Causative: calāunuto drive; to cause to go

 

Base: lāgnuto be applied / be felt

        (feel, seem) / begin / use up

Causative: lagāunuto apply; to put on

 

Base: siknuto learn

Causative: sikāunuto teach;

        to cause to learn

 

Base: kḫānuto eat

Causative: kḫuwāunuto feed;

        to cause to eat

 

Base: marnuto die

Causative: mārnuto kill; to cause to die

 

5.6.2—Examples Using Causative Verbs

 

  ma yo kabar sundê cu

  —I am listening to this news

  ma yo kabar sunāundê cu

  —I am making this news heard

  —I am telling this news

  ma satya sikdê cu

  —I am learning truth

  ma satya sikāundê cu

  —I am causing the truth to be learned

  —I am teaching truth

  sākṣīharū satya sikāundê cḫan`

  —[The] Witnesses are teaching truth.

  yehova ra yeśū yo kām garāunu huncḫa

  —Jehovah and Jesus are causing this work

       to be done.

 

5.6.3—Tasks—Use of Causative Verbs

 

5.6.3.1—Task 5.6.3.1

Translate using:-

  Verbs list (5.1)

  Present tense bases (5.2.1)

  Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)

  Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)

  Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and

  Negative endings (5.5.2),:-

  Causative verb use (5.6)

1. garāunu ; kasle yo kām garāyo ?

2. sunāunu ;

3. yeṣu ko sātḫīharū susamācār sunāundêcḫan`

4. sikāunu ;

5. vahā͂harū satya sikāunu huncḫa

6. banāunu ; kasle yo bānāunubḫayo ?

 

Answers:-

1. to cause to be done; Who got this work done?

2. to cause to be heard

3. Jesus’ friends make the good news heard

4. to teach;

5. They (H) teach truth.

6. to form/make; Who made [ / formed] this?

 

5.6.3.2—Task 5.6.3.2

1. to drive [ / to cause to move];

2. He (L) does not drive

3. to make understood;

4. The teacher made the matter understood

5. to apply; Jesus applied love

6. to show;

7. This book shows happiness

 

Answers:-

1. calāunu 

2. ū calāundêna

3. bujhāunu ;

4. śikṣak le yo kurā bujḫāyo

5. lagāunu; yeśule prem lagāunu bhayo

6. dekḫāunu ;

7. yo kitāb ānanda dekḫāuncḫa.

 

5.6.3.3—Task 5.6.3.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.6.3.1 and 5.6.3.2 into the other language.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.7—Auxiliary Verbs

 

These are very useful tool, and they are also easy to use.

 

5.7.1—Auxiliary Verb with a Noun

 

  kām garnuto work (to do work)

    ma kām garcḫu I work

 

  madat garnuto help (to make help)

    ma madat gardê cḫuI am helping

 

  banda garnuto close (to make closed)

    yinīharū pacḫi banda gardê cḫan`

    They are closing later

 

  śuru garnuto start

    hāmīharūle hijo śuru garyỗ

    We started yesterday

 

  viśvās garnuto believe (to do believing)

    ma parameśvaramā viśvās gardê cḫu

    I believe in God

        (See 9.7‘-mā’.)

 

    kē tapāī͂ parameśvaramā viśvās

      garnuhuncḫa?

    —Do you believe in God?

 

  kośiś garnu

    to try (to do trying; to make attempt)

 

  kṣamā garnu

    to forgive (to do forgiving)

 

  iccḫā garnu

    to want, desire; (to do desiring)

 

  praśna garnuto ask (to pose question)

 

  javāpḫ dinuto answer (to give answer)

 

  vyākḫyā garnuto explain

        (to make explanation)

 

  man lāgnuone feels one wants to

        (=a mind strikes)

 

    [timīlāī] ke garnu man lāgcḫa?

    What do [you] want to do?

        (What do you feel like doing?)

    kahā͂ jānu man lāgcḫa?

    —Where do [you] want to go?

 

  man parnu: ‘man parcḫa’

    to be pleasing (=‘one’s heart falls’)

    yo kitāb man parcḫa

    —[I] like this book (=This book is liked)

    yo kitāb man pardêna

    —[I] do not like this book

    yo kitāb manê pardêna

    —[I] do not like this book at all

    yo kitāb man parcḫa?

      —Do [you] like this book?

    yo kitāb man parcḫa ki man

      pardêna?

     —Do [you] like this book or not?

    malāī yo kitāb man parcḫa

    I like this book

    (=By me this book is liked: falling on me)

    timīlāī yo kitāb man pardêna?

    —Do you not like this book?

 

5.7.1.1—Task 5.7.1.1

Translate using:-

  Verbs list (5.1)

  Present tense bases (5.2.1)

  Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)

  Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)

  Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and

  Negative endings (5.5.2),:-

  Auxiliary verbs with nouns (5.7.1)

1. viśvās garnu ;

2. ke timī yo susamācār viśvās garcḫô ?

3. praśna garnu ;

4. tapāī͂ko praśna garnuhos`.

5. javāpḫ dinu;

6. mêle yo javāpḫ diẽ.

7. vyākḫyā garnu;

8. ke timīle yo kurā vyākḫyā garyô ?

 

Answers:-

1. to believe [‘to do faith’];

2. Do you (M) believe this good news?

3. to ask [to make question’];

4. Pose your (H) question, please!

5. to answer [‘to give answer’];

6. I answered thus [‘I gave this answer].

7. to explain;

8. Did you (M) explain this matter?

 

5.7.1.2—Task 5.7.1.2

Translate:-

1. Do you like this book?

    [‘Does this book touch/strike?]

2. I didn’t start it.

3. That man stopped work.

4. Try, please! (H)

 

Answers:-

1. ke yo kitāb man lagcḫa?

2. mêle tyo śuru garinã.

3. tyo lognemancḫe le kām banda garyo.

4. kośiś garnuhos` !

 

5.7.1.3—Task 5.7.1.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.7.1.1 and 5.7.1.2 into the other language.

 


 

5.7.2—Auxiliary Verb with Another Verb

 

Note that the final ‘nu’ of the assisted verb gets changed to ‘na’.

  cāhanuto want to

    jāna cāhanuto want to go

      ma jāna cāhancḫuI want to go

    sunna cāhanuto want to hear

      uhā͂ khabar sunna cāhanuhuncḫa

      —He wants to hear news

 

  saknuto be able to

    sunna saknuto be able to hear

      ma sunna sakcḫuI can hear

      ke timī sunna sakcḫô?

      —Can you hear?

 

5.7.2.1—Task 5.7.2.1

Translate using:-

  Verbs list (5.1)

  Present tense bases (5.2.1)

  Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)

  Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)

  Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and

  Negative endings (5.5.2),:-

  Auxiliary verbs with another verb (5.7.2)

1. sunnu; sunna cāhanu;

2. ma yo kurā sunna cāhancḫu

3. dekḫnu; dekḫna cāhanu

4. ke timī parameśvar-ko kitāb dekḫna cāhancḫô?

5. jānu; jāna saknu;

6. unī jāna sakdênan`.

7. madat garnu; madat garna saknu;

8. ke tapāī͂ madat garna saknu hunna?

 

Answers:-

1. to listen; to want to listen;

2. I wish to listen to this matter.

3. to see; to wish to see;

4. Do you (M) want to see God’s book?

5. to go; to be able to go;

6. He (M) cannot go.

7. to help; to be able to help;

8. Are you (H) not able to help?

 

5.7.2.2—Task 5.7.2.2

Translate:-

1. You (M) can try to read!

2. He (H) wants to forgive.

3. That man (L) cannot stop working.

4. Have you (H) not been able to come?

 

Answers:-

1. timī paḍḫnuko kośiś garna sakcḫô!

2. vahā͂ kṣamā garna cāhanu huncḫa.

3. tyo lognemancḫe kām banda garna sakdêna.

4. ke tapāī͂ āuna saknubḫaena?

 

5.7.2.3—Task 5.7.2.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.7.2.1 and 5.7.2.2 into the other language.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]


 

5.8—Compulsion and Prohibition

 

5.8.1—An Action Is Required or Is Not Required

 

In the affirmative these expressions say that some action must be done.  The negative form says that it is not necessary for the action to be done.  This is not like a prohibition described at 5.8.7, that says that the action must not be done.  Compare 5.9.3 about negative imperatives.

 

5.8.1.1—‘parcḫa’—‘behoove’

 

To say ‘I must…’ or ‘I have to…’, use the passive, impersonal idea, ‘it falls upon me to…’ or ‘it befalls me to…’ or ‘it behooves me to…’.

‘It falls’ is ‘parcḫa’.

 

If the action verb is written its normal form, like ‘sunnu’, then ‘parcḫa’ is connected to it.

  sunnuparcḫalistening is required

 

If the action verb is written its emphatic form, like ‘sunnê’, then ‘parcḫa’ is not connected to it.

 

  sunnê parcḫalistening is very necessary

 

5.8.1.2—‘…-ne cḫa’—‘to be to …’

 

You can say that an action ‘is to be done’.

  ma tyahā͂ jānecḫu.

  —I am to [ / I must] go there.

  timīharūle jānnecḫô.

  —YOU (M) will have to know.

        (Zechariah 6:15)

  tyas-pacḫi yas yug-ko anta hunecḫa.

  —After that the end of this era [ / system /

        world] is to be. (Matthew 24:14)

  tin-le us-lāī niyukta garnecḫan`.

  —He will [be sure to] appoint him.

        (Matthew 24:47)

 

5.8.2—Past, Present, Affirmative, Negative

 

Express the presence or absence of compulsion in the present using:-

  ‘has to / have to’—‘parcḫa

  ‘do [/does] not have to’—‘pardêna

Or, for the past, use:-

  ‘had to’—‘paryo

  ‘did not have to’—‘parena

 

5.8.3—Intransitive (without an object)

 

  jānu parcḫa

  —One must go [/Going must happen]

  ma jānuparcḫa

  —I must go

  ma(lāī) jānuparcḫa

  —I must go (‘lāī’ can be added)

 

 [Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.8.4—Transitive with an impersonal object

 

  kām is used here as an impersonal object.

  kām garnuparcḫa

  —Work must be done

      [ / Working must happen]

      —One must go; I must work; We…

  mêle kām garnuparcḫa

  —I must do work

      [ / Work must be done by me]

      The object, ‘kām’, is unchanged.

      The compelled person ‘I’ changes.

      So, ‘ma’ becomes ‘mêle

      —‘I’ becomes ‘by me’.

 

5.8.5—Transitive with a personal object

 

  ‘tinīharū’ is a personal object

 

  lyāunuparcḫa

  —[Bringing must happen]

 

  mêle tinīharūlāī lyāunuparcḫa

  —I must bring them [ / those people]

      The object ‘tinīharū’ needs ‘lāī’.

 

5.8.6—Examples of Compulsion and Non-Requirement

 

5.8.6.1—Basic Examples

 

  bhannuparcḫa

  —Telling must happen

 

  bhannu pardêna

  —Telling is not required

 

    tapāī͂le uttar bhannu pardêna

    —You do not have to say the answer

 

  garnu paryoDoing was required

 

    mêle kām garnu paryo

    —I had to do work

      [ / Working by me was required]

 

  lyāunu paryo

  —Bringing was required

 

  lyāunu parena

  —Bringing was not required

 

    timīle kitāb lyāunu parena

    —You did not have to bring the book

 

5.8.6.2—Detailed Examples

 

  tī vacan sadḫễ samajḫnuparcḫa.

  —You must always keep in mind those

        words.  (Acts 20:35)

 

  kam-jor-harūlāī madat garnuparcḫa.

  —It is necessary to help the weak ones.

        (Acts 20:35)

 

  hāmīle parameśvar-ko ājñā mānnê

    parcḫa.

  —We must obey God’s commandments.

        (Acts 5:29)

 

  hāmīle uhā͂ko upasanā garnuparcḫa.

  —We must worship him. (John 4:23)

 

  timīharūle pani kṣamā garnuparcḫa.

  —YOU (M) also must forgive.

        (Colossians 3:13)

 

  timīharūle yahovā timīharūkā

    parameśvar-ko upāsanā

    garnuparcḫa.

  —YOU (M) must worship Jehovah

        YOUR God. (Matthew 4:10)

 

  uhā͂lāī mātra pavitra sevā

    caḍāunuparcḫa.

  —To him alone YOU (M) must render

        sacred service. (Matthew 4:10)

 

  patnile pani āpḫno patiko gahiro ādar

    garnuparcḫa.

  —Wives also should have deep respect

        for their husbands. (Ephesians 5:23)

 

  timīharū pavitra hunê parcḫa.

  —YOU (M) must indeed be holy.

        (1 Peter 1:16)

 

  mêle parameśvar-ko rājyako susamācār

    sunāunuparcḫa.

  —I must declare the good news of the

        Kingdom of God.  (Luke 4:43)

 

  harek mānis sunnalāī tayār hunuparcḫa.

  —Everyone must be quick to listen.

        (James 1:19)

 

Tasks—Compulsion and Non-Requirement

 

5.8.6.3—Task 5.8.6.3

Translate the basic examples at 5.8.6.1 from Nepali to English.

 

5.8.6.4—Task 5.8.6.4

Translate the basic examples at 5.8.6.1 from English to Nepali.

 

5.8.6.5—Task 5.8.6.5

Translate the detailed examples at 5.8.6.2 from Nepali to English.

 

5.8.6.6—Task 5.8.6.6

Translate the detailed examples at 5.8.6.2 from English to Nepali.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.8.7—Prohibition

 

These expressions say that some action must not be done.  The action is not just unnecessary. (See 5.8.1.)

You can say either:-

  5.8.7.1‘This action is forbidden.’ or,

  5.8.7.2‘Do not do this action.’

 

5.8.7.1—niṣedḫa—forbidden.

 

Note that the forbidden verb has its ending changed from ‘‑nu’ to ‘‑na

  bolna niṣedḫa cḫa

  —Talking is forbidden

  yasma jāna niṣedḫa cḫa

  —Going in here is forbidden. No entry.

  malāī tyasma jāna niṣedḫa cḫa

  —Going in there is forbidden to me.

  pavitra śaktile tinīharūlāī tyo garna

      niṣedḫa gariyeko cḫa.

  —The holy spirit has forbidden them from

        doing that.

 

5.8.7.2—‘Do not…’ for ‘You mustn’t…’

 

The requirement, “You must not …” is often as a command, “Do not …”

 

Insert na- in front of the infinitive or affirmative.

 

  [timīharūle] tyo nagarnu.

  —[YOU] must not do that.

      [By YOU not to do that]

  [timīharūle] tyasko pḫal nakḫānu.

  —[YOU] Do not eat its fruit!

  timīharū parameśvarle najānu

        bḫannubḫaeko ṭḫāũma gaenô.

  —YOU did not enter a place God had

         forbidden.

      [YOU did not go into a place where

        God had told you not to go.]

 

Further details about negative imperatives are provided at 5.9.3 along with more examples and tasks.

 

5.8.8—Reported Requirements

 

A quoted or reported requirement is often expressed in the general sense of ‘doing the action’ or ‘to do the action’, as in the dictionary reference form of the verb.  Hence:-

  ‘prem garnu’—‘YOU must love’

  timīharūlāī āpḫno chimekīlāī prem

    garnu. (Matthew 5:44)

  —YOU (M) must love YOUR neighbour.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.9—Imperatives, Positive and Negative

 

Our focus here will mainly be on the middle (M) and high (H) levels of honour or politeness for the second person (you).  There also exist a lower and a higher level of imperative.  One can also construct imperatives in effect for first (I, we) and third (he, she it).  For example, “Let us …”—(See 5.9.2), or “Let them …”—(See 5.9.1.3).

 

5.9.1—Positive Imperatives

 

5.9.1.1—For tapāī͂, add –hos`

 

  garnu+hos` = garnuhos`
  —Do, if you would!; Do, please!
      Please be so kind as to do!

  āunuhos`
  —Come, please!
      
Please be so kind as to come!

  paḍḫ`nuhos`
  —Read, please!
      Do
be so kind as to read!

  linuhos`
  —Take, please!
      
Please be kind enough to take!

 

5.9.1.2—timī

 

Use the present tense base that was shown at 5.2.1, making the adjustments described below, depending on how the base ends.

 

(a) The base ends in a consonant

  Add ‘a’ to the present tense base.

  gar+a = garaDo!
  
paḍḫ+a = paḍḫaRead!
  
dekḫ+a = dekḫa—Look!
  sun+a = sunaListen!
  
lekḫ+a = lekḫaWrite!

 

(b) The base ends in a single vowel.

  (i) Regular present tense bases

    Add ‘ū’ to the present tense base.

    jā+ū = jāūGo!
    
kḫāūEat!
    
dekḫiūBe seen!

 

  (ii) Irregular present tense bases

    Use these special forms.

    ho+ū = hoūBe!  (for hunu)
    
de+ū = deūGive!  (for dinu)
    
le+ū = leūGive!  (for linu)
    
dḫo+ū = dḫoūWash!  (for dḫunu)

 

(c) The base ends in a double vowel

  (i) Drop the second of these vowels.

  (ii) Add ‘ū’.
  
āunu > āu >
    (āu - u =
ā) >
    (ā+ū =
āū)—Come!

  lyāunu > lyāu >
  (lyāu - u =
lyā) >
    (lyā+ū =
lyāū)—Bring!

  calāūDrive!   (for calāunu)

  sikāūTeach! (for sikāunu)

 

5.9.1.3—Third Person, he, she, it

 

Urging for him, her, or it to do something is expressed in English by “Let …!”  For example, “Let him go!” “Let peace come!” “Let the sun shine!” “Let your name be sanctified!”

 

(i) Singular

Use the present tense base and add ‘-os`’.  Or, add ‘–yos`’ after ‘i’ to the modified verb base.

(a) Him

    us-le unīharūlāī bolāos`.

    —Let him call them. (James 5:14)

    us-le pariśram garos`.

    —Let him do hard work.

          (Ephesians 4:28)

(b) Her

    ū avivāhit basos`.

    —Let her remain unmarried.

          (1 Corinthians 7:11)

(c) It

    tapāī͂ko rājya āos`
    —Let your kingdom come.

    tapāī͂ko nām pavitra pāriyos`
    —Let your name be[come] viewed as

          holy.

    tapāī͂ko iccḫā purā hos`.
    —Let your will be complete [ / done].

 

(ii) Plural

Use the present tense base and add ‘-ūn`’.

  … hoūn`—Let them be(-come) …

 

  tinīharū (timīharūko … ācaraṇ dekḫera)

    lajjit hoūn`.

  —Let them (having seen YOUR conduct)

        be ashamed. (1 Peter 3:16)

  yasto manis-harū le vivāh garun`.

  —Let them marry. (1 Corinthians 7:36)

  tinīharūle us-ko lāgi prārtḫnā garideūn`…

  —Let them pray over him… …

  ra yahovā parameśvar-ko nām-mā

    tel gḫasideūn`.

  —and in the name of Jehovah God let

        them pour oil on him. (James 5:14)

  yahovā parameśvar-le nê tapāī ra mabīc

    insāpḫ garideūn`.

  —May Jehovah judge between me and you.

        (Genesis 16:5)

 

Tasks—Imperatives

 

5.9.1.4—Task 5.9.1.4

Translate:-

1. jāū, timī pani tyasê gara. (Luke 10:37)

2. āū! ani herā.  (Revelation 6:5)

3. samajḫ calāū!  (Jeremiah 9:7)

4. sitễmā deo.  (Matthew 10:8)

5. canākḫo tara sudḫo hoo.  (Matthew 10:16)

6. śānti pḫarkiāos`.  (Matthew 10:13)

7. uhā͂le timīharūlāī kṣamā garideūn`.

      (2 Chronicles 30:18)

 

Answers:-

1. Go, you (M) do likewise! [ / do also like that!]

2. Come! And look! (M)

3. Behave with [ / Apply]  understanding! (M)

4. Give freely. (M)

5. Be cautious yet innocent [ / gentle].

6. Let peace return.

7. May He (H) forgive YOU (M).

 

5.9.1.5—Task 5.9.1.5

Translate:-

1. Eat to the full!  (James 2:16)

2. Hold authority over them! (M)  (Luke 19:7)

3. Come on out! (M)  (John 11:43)

4. Make the sick ones (M) well. (Matthew 10:8)

5. Let peace be upon them (M) (Matthew 10 :13)

 

Answers:-

1. peṭ bḫari kḫāū.

2. yin-māthi akḫtiyār calāū.

3. bāhir āū!

4. birāmīharūlāī niko pāra.

5. śānti tinīharūmāthi rahos`.

 

5.9.1.6—Task 5.9.1.6

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.9.1.4-5 into the other language.

 

5.9.2——“Let us …!”

 

To construct the exhortation: ‘Let us do something!’ you can say ‘Come, we do something!’  This simply requires the use of “āo,”—“Come,” followed by a statement in the habitual present tense.—See 5.3.1.

 

  āo, hāmīharū jāỗ.Let’s go!
  
āo, hāmī dôḍỗ.Let us run!
  
āo, hāmī āpḫno āśā gḫoṣṇā garirahỗ.
  —Let us keep on proclaiming our hope!
  
āo, hāmī basera kurā garỗ.
  —Come, let us sit and talk!

 

Tasks—‘Let us…’

 

5.9.2.1—Task 5.9.2.1

Translate:-

1. āo, hāmī kḫusī hoỗ. (Revelation 19:7)

2. āo, hāmī dekḫỗ.

3. āo, hāmī kośiś garỗ.

4. āo, hāmī yo kitāb paḍḫỗ.

5. āo, hāmī sabḫāmā jāỗ.

 

Answers:-

1. Let us be joyful.

2. Let us see.

3. Let us try.

4. Let us read this book.

5. Let us go to the meeting.

 

5.9.2.2—Task 5.9.2.2

Translate:-

1. Let us go.

2. Let us do [some] work.

3. Let us wait here.

4. Let us talk.

5. Let us build a city. (Genesis 11:4)

 

Answers:-

1. āo, hāmī jāỗ.

2. āo, hāmī kām garỗ.

3. āo, hāmī yahā͂ parkḫỗ.

4. āo, hāmī kurā garỗ.

5. āo, hāmī euṭā sahar banāỗ.

 

5.9.2.3—Task 5.9.2.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.9.2.1 and 5.9.2.2 into the other language.

 

5.9.3—Negative Imperatives

 

Attach ‘na-’ in front of the positive imperative.  Alternatively, use a simple verb to say the action is prohibited—‘niṣedḫa’.  (See 5.8.7.)

 

  nagarnuhos`Don’t, please!

  naāunuhos`Do not come, please!

  napaḍḫ`nuhos`Do not read, please!

  nalinuhos`Do not take, please!

 

  nagaraDo not!

  napaḍḫaDo not read!

  nadekḫa—Don’t look!

  nasunaDon’t listen!

  nalekḫaDo not write!

 

  najāūDo not go!

  nakḫāūDo not eat!

  nadekḫiūDon’t be seen!

  nahoūDon’t be!

  nadeūDo not give!

  naleūDon’t take!

  nadḫoūDon’t wash!

 

  naāūDo not come!

  nalyāūDo not bring!

  nacalāūDon’t drive!

  nasikāūDo not teach!

 

Tasks—‘Do not…’

 

5.9.3.1—Task 5.9.3.1

Translate

1. nagara; nasuna

2. bḫoli najāū; nadeū

3. nadekḫiū; nadhoū

4. nalekḫa; naāū

5. nagarnuhos`

6. nalinuhos`

 

Answers:-

1. Don’t do; don’t listen.

2. Don’t go tomorrow; don’t give.

3. Don’t be seen; don’t wash.

4. Don’t write; don’t come

5. Please, don’t do.

6. Do not take, please.

 

5.9.3.2—Task 5.9.3.2

Translate:-

1. Don’t look;

2. Don’t eat; don’t take.

3. Kindly do not come here.

4. Do not read now, please.

 

Answers:-

1. nadekḫa;

2. nakḫāū; naleū

3. yahā͂ naāunuhos`

4. āhile napaḍḫ`nuhos`

 

5.9.3.3—Task 5.9.3.3

Translate

1. cintit nahoo.  (Philippians 4:6)

2. badala naleo. (Romans 12:19)

3. tī kurāhārūdekḫi naḍarāū. (Revelation 2:10)

4. unīharūko ilākāmā najāū. (Matthew 10:6)

5. nabahakio.  (1 Corinthians 6:9)

6. nalinuhos`

 

Answers:-

1. Do not be anxious..

2. Do not get your own back. [ / not take revenge.]

3. Do not [you (M)] be afraid of these things.

4. Don’t go into their (M) locality.

5. Do not be misled.

6. Do not take, please.

 

5.9.3.4—Task 5.9.3.4

Translate:-

1. Do not love the world. (1 John 2:15)

2. Don’t lie to one another. (Colossians 3:19)

3. Do not be amazed at this. (John 5:28)

4. Do not rely [ / not place your reliance] on your

      own understanding.  (Proverbs 3:5)

 

Answers:-

1. sãsar-lāī prem nagara.

2. ek-arkālāī naḍḫãṭa.

3. yas-mā acamma namana.

4. āpḫnê buddhimā bḫar napara.

 

5.9.3.5

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.9.3.1 and 5.9.3.4 into the other language.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]


 

5.10—Future Tense—Tentativeness in a Probable Form

 

At 5.4 above we learned two simple ways for expressing future actions, and they are best suited to definite circumstances.  However, if you want to include a level of uncertainty, use the Probable Future Tense, as explained here.

 

Except for persons of high, honorific position (H), add the verb endings listed at 5.10.2 to the verb base described at 5.10.1gar (do), hu (be), jān (go), etc.  Modify the affirmative to form the negative. (5.10.3.)

 

For persons of high, honorific position (H) the verb endings at 5.10.2 show you use the infinitive or dictionary form and add ‘holā’—‘perhaps’.

 

5.10.1—Verb Bases for the Probable Future Tense

 

The base is formed initially, as described at 5.10.1.1-6.  Rules are applied in subsequent paragraphs depend on how the simple base ends.

 

5.10.1.1—Simple Base Formation

 

Drop ‘-nu’ from the dictionary form.

  lekḫnuto write : lekḫnu – nu = lekḫ-

  kḫānuto eat : kḫānu – nu = kḫā-

  jānuto go : jānu – nu = jā-

  dekḫnuto see : dekḫnu – nu = dekḫ-

 

5.10.1.2—Ends in a consonant or -ā

 

Use the simple base. (5.10.1.1.)

Add the verb endings tabulated in 5.10.2.

  lekḫnuto write : lekḫ + ũlā = lekḫũlā

      ma lekḫũlāI’ll probably write

  kḫānuto eat : kḫā + ôlā = kḫāôlā

      timī kḫāôlāyou (M) might eat

  jānu to go : jā + lān` = jālān`

      unī najālān` /

      (unī jāndênan` holā)

      —he might not be going

  dekḫnu to see : dekḫ + ỗlā = dekḫỗlā

      hāmī dekḫỗlāwe’ll see probably

 

5.10.1.3—Verb base ends in ‘i’ except:-

          linuto take and dinuto give

 

Insert -e- between the base (5.10.1.1) and the verb endings tabulated in 5.10.2.

  dekḫinu to be seen

      timīharū dekḫieôlāYOU may be seen

  tarsinu to be frightened

      unī natarsielān`

      —He might not be frightened

 

5.10.1.4—linuto take and dinuto give

 

  (i) First Person maI and hāmīwe.

  The bases are li- and di- for the first person.

  linu > li-

    li + ũlā = liũlā

    ma liũlāI’ll probably take

    li + ỗlā = liỗlā

    hāmīharū liỗlāWe should be taking

  (ii) Other Persons not maI or hāmīwe

  The bases for all others are le- and de-.

  linu > le-

    le + lā = lelā

    ū lelāHe (L) will probably take

    le + ôlā = leôlā

    timīharū leôlā—YOU (M) expect to take

  (iii) Examples

  unīharū lelān`They may take

  ma diũlāI will probably give

  hāmī diỗlāWe’ll probably give

  timīharū deôlāYOU may give

 

5.10.1.5—The verb hunu to be

 

(a) maI.

  The base for maI is hu-.

    ma hũlāI will probably be

(b) All persons except ma—I

  The base for singular and plural is ho-.

    hāmī hoỗlāwe expect to be

    timī hoôlāyou will probably be

    unī holān`he (M) might be

 

  sāyad tãlāī kehī pḫāidā holā.

  —Perhaps there may be some

        benefit to you (L). (Isaiah 47:12)

 

5.10.1.6—Base ends in a double vowel

 

(a) ma (I) and hāmī [/hāmīharū] (we)

  (i) The base for the First Person:-

    Drop the last vowel off the simple base.

      āunu > āu > ā-

      lyāunu > lyāu > lyā-

      calāunu > calāu > calā-

  (ii) Verb endings for the first person:-

    The verb endings from 5.10.2 are:-

      ma …-ũlā   and   hāmīharū …-ỗlā

  (iii) Examples:-

    āunuto come

      ma āũlāI will probably come

      hāmīharū āỗlāwe will come perhaps

    lyāunuto bring

      ma lyāũ[I think] I’ll probably bring

      hāmīharū lyāỗwe might bring

    calāunuto drive

      hāmī calāỗlāwe might drive

      ma calāũlāI might drive

(b) Other persons, not the First Person

  (i) The base for other than the First Person:-

    Use the simple base as in 5.10.1.1.

      āunu > āu > āu-

      lyāunu > lyāu > lyāu-

      calāunu > calāu > calāu-

  (ii) Just add the verb endings listed at 5.10.2.

  (iii) Examples:-

    āunuto come

      unī āulān`he (M) will probably come

      timīharū āuôlā

        —YOU (M) will come perhaps

    lyāunuto bring

      ū lyāu[I think] he (L) may bring

      timīharū lyāuôlāYOU might bring

    calāunuto drive

      timī calāuôlāyou (M) might drive

      unī calāulān`he (M) might drive

      unī nacalāulin`

        —she (M) might not drive

 

  sāyad mānis-harū tãdekḫi ḍarāulan`!

  —Perhaps people may become in fear of

        you (L). (Isaiah 47:12)

 

5.10.2—Future Probable Tense Endings

 

Probable Future Tense

  for ‘garnu’—to do, to make

                     Affirmative   Negative

I         ma                garũlā  gardina holā

you L                   garlās`  gardinas` holā

you M         timī      garôlā   gardênô holā

he LN & LF   ū       gar    gardêna holā

she LN & LF  ū       gar     gardêna holā

he yinī / unī / tinī    garlān` gardênan` holā

she yinī / unī / tinī   garlin`  gardênan` holā

this/that/it M yo/tyo gar    gardêna holā

this/that/it F yo/tyo  gar     gardêna holā

you H     tapāī͂         garnu   garnu

                               holā      hunna holā

he, she  yahā͂           - " -      - " -

he, she uhā͂ / vahā͂   - " -      - " -

we       hāmīharū    garỗlā   gardênỗ holā

YOU M  timīharū   garôlā   gardênô holā

they L  yī / tī           garlān` gardênan` holā

they        unīharū    garlān` gardênan` holā

these      yinīharū    garlān` gardênan` holā

those      tinīharū    garlān` gardênan` holā

they, these N        garlān` gardênan` holā

they, those F          garlān` gardênan` holā

YOU H  tapāī͂harū  garnu   garnu

                               holā      hunna holā

they H  uhā͂harū      - " -      - " -

these H yahā͂harū   - " -      - " -

those H vahā͂harū   - " -      - " -

 

* See 5.10.3 about the negative, or 5.10.1 about forming verb bases.

 

5.10.3—Future Tense—Probable Form—Negative

 

For the negative, either:-

(1) Append holā (maybe) to the present habitual tense that was shown at 5.3.

  ma gardina + holā = ma gardinā holā

or:-

(2) Insert na (not) in front of the probable affirmative that was shown at 5.10.2.

    na + garũlā > ma nagarũlā

 

5.10.4—Tasks—Future Tense—Probable Form

 

5.10.4.1—Task 5.10.4.1

Translate:-

1. ma lekḫũlā

2. timī kḫāôlā

3. unī najālān` / (unī jāndênan` holā)

4. hāmī dekḫỗlā

5. timīharū dekḫieôlā

6. unī natarsielān`

7. hāmī diỗlā

 

Answers:-

1. I will probably write.

2. You (M) might eat.

3. He (M) might not be going.

4. We will see probably.

5. YOU (M) may be seen

6. He might not be frightened.

7. We’ll probably give

 

5.10.4.2—Task 5.10.4.2

Translate:-

1. I’ll probably take.

2. We should be taking.

3. He (L) will probably take.

4. YOU (M) expect to take.

5. They may take.

6. I will probably give.

7. YOU (M) may give

 

Answers:-

1. ma liũlā

2. hāmīharū liỗlā

3. ū lelā

4. timīharū leôlā

5. unīharū lelān`

6. ma diũlā

7. timīharū deôlā

 

5.10.4.3—Task 5.10.4.3

Translate:-

1. ma hũlā

2. hāmī hoỗlā

3. sāyad tãlāī kehī pḫāidā holā.

4. hāmīharū lyāỗlā

5. hāmī calāỗlā

6. unī āulān`

 

Answers:-

1. I will probably be.

2. We expect to be.

3. Perhaps there may be some benefit to you (L).

4. We might bring.

5. We might drive.

6. He (M) will probably come

 

5.10.4.4—Task 5.10.4.4

Translate:-

1. You (M) will probably be.

2. He (M) might be.

3. I will probably come.

4. We will come perhaps.

5. [I expect] I’ll probably bring.

6. I might drive.

 

Answers:-

1. timī hoôlā

2. unī holān`

3. ma āũlā

4. hāmīharū āỗlā

5. ma lyāũlā

6. ma calāũlā

 

5.10.4.5—Task 5.10.4.5

Translate:-

1. timīharū āuôlā

2. timīharū lyāuôlā

3. unī calāulān`

4. unī nacalāulin`

 

Answers:-

1. YOU (M) will come perhaps.

2. YOU(M)  might bring.

3. He (M) might drive

4. She (M) might not drive.

 

5.10.4.6—Task 5.10.4.6

Translate:-

1. [I think] he (L) may bring.

2. You (M) might drive.

3. Perhaps people may be in fear of you (L).

 

Answers:-

1. ū lyāulā

2. timī calāuôlā

3. sāyad mānis-harū tãdekḫi ḍarāulan`!

 

5.10.4.7

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.10.4.1 to 5.10.4.6 into the other language.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.11—Passive Verbs

 

5.11.1—Their Purpose and Pattern

 

5.11.1.1—Active and Passive Voices

Actions are reported in a grammatical voice—either in the active voice or in the passive voice.  Most of the verb used until now have been in the active voice. 

 

5.11.1.2—Active Voice Grammar

This places the grammatical subject of the verb as the doer or causer of the effect of the action described by the verb. The receiver of the action is therefore the direct object.

 

5.11.1.3—Passive Voice Grammar

In the passive voice the subject of the verb speaks from the point of view of the receiver of the action, the one affected by it. (This party would be the direct object in an active-voice sentence). 

(i) English Grammar

Passive-voice verbs are constructed with an auxiliary form of ‘to be’ and a past participle—such as ‘were seen’.  The agent, a person or thing causing the effect of the action, can be included in a prepositional phrase—such as ‘by the boy’.

(ii) Nepali Grammar

In many cases Nepali has a ready-made Passive-voice verb—such as:-

  dekḫinuto be seen

    ū dekḫiyoHe was seen.

    tyo kitāb dekḫindê cḫa

    —That book is being seen

  cininuto be known

    ū āpḫno vyavahār-bāṭê cinincḫa

    —He is known by [ / from] his actions.

 

Others are constructed with an auxiliary form of ‘to be’ and another word for the detail. For example:-

  ū kḫasera gḫāite bḫae.

  —He fell and was injured.

  tyas-lāī dekḫera ma āścaryacakit bḫaẽ.

  —On seeing her I was amazed.

  parameśvar duḥkḫī hunubḫayo.

  —God was saddened.

  ke bḫannubḫaeko cḫa.

  —what was spoken.

 

5.11.1.4—Details Lost in Translation

Sometimes it makes little difference whether the event is reported somehow in the active voice or the passive voice:-

  He was seated.

  He sat down.

 

However in some cases, the truth as well as the power of a passive statement can be lost with insufficient detail in the active voice:-

  He was raised up on the third day.

  He rose on the third day.

 

This could be misleading—if the reader wrongly assumes that ‘He’ was not completely dead before the third day, or that ‘He’ was part of some sort of a greater combined entity.

 

Instead, it would be better to insert detail from contextual information and say:-

  God raised him on the third day.

 

5.11.2—Example of dekḫinu—be seen

 

  (dekḫnu—to see

      ma tyo kitāb dekḫdê cḫu

      —I am seeing that book

  dekḫāunu—to cause to be seen (5.6)

      ma tyo kitāb dekḫāundê cḫu

      —I am showing that book)

  dekḫinuto be seen

      tyo kitāb dekḫindê cḫa

      —That book is being seen

      mêle tyo kitāb dekḫindê cḫa

      —That book is being seen by me

 

      tyo lognemancḫe bāhirabāṭa nepālī

          dekḫincḫa

      —That man from the outside is seen as

            ( / appears / seems to be) Nepali

      ū śikṣak ho ki jasto dekḫincḫa

      —He seems to be as if he’s a teacher

      yasêma parameśvar-ko prem

         dekḫincḫa

      —God’s love is seen particularly in this

      yo āhile kasto dekḫincḫa?

      —How does it look to you now?

          How is it seen by you now?

      tyo rāto dekḫintḫiyo

      —It was seen as red.

          It appeared red.

 

5.11.3—Examples of Other Passive Verbs

 

(garnu—to do

garāunu—to cause to do)

garinuto be done

    āśā garincḫa

    —Hope is being placed

 

(jānu—to know

janāunu—to cause to know)

jāninuto be known

    susamācār jānincḫa

    —Good news is being made known.

 

(sunnu—to hear / listen

sunāunu—to cause to hear)

suninuto be heard

    ūhā͂ko sãvād sunincḫa

    —His message is [being] heard.

 

(bolnu—to speak

bolāunu—to call / invite / cause to be said)

bolinuto be spoken

    yahā͂ satya bolincḫa

    —Here truth is spoken.

 

(pugnu—to reach / to arrive

pugāunu—to make reach)

puginuto be made to arrive

    viśvās yo kurā bolna pugincḫa

    —Faith leads to saying this [matter].

 

(tarsāunu—to frighten /to cause to fear)

tarsinuto fear / to be frightened

    tinīharū tarsiyeko āunecḫan`

    —They are to come trembling in fright.

 

5.11.4—Tasks—Passive Verbs

 

5.11.4.1—Task 5.11.4.1

Translate using:-

  Passive verbs list (5.11.3)

  Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)

  Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and

  Negative endings (5.5.2),:-

1. sunnā; sunāunu; suninu

2. dekḫnu; dekḫāunu; dekḫinu

3. bolnu; bolāunu; bolinu

4. jāunu; jānnu

5. janāunu; jāninu

 

Answers:-

1. to hear; to cause to hear; to be heard

2. to see; to show; to be seen

3. to speak; to cause to be spoken; to be spoken

4. to go; to know

5. to make known; to be made known

 

5.11.4.2—Task 5.11.4.2

Translate:-

1. to [do] work; to cause work to be done

2. Hope is being placed

3. Joy is being heard.

4. This matter [ / talk] is being feared.

5. God’s love is seen there.

 

Answers:-

1. kām garnu; kām garāunu;

2. āśā garindêcḫa

3. ānanda sunindê cḫa

4. yo kurā tarsindê cḫa

5. parameśvar-ko prem tyahā͂ dekḫincḫa

 

5.11.4.3—Task 5.11.4.3

Translate:-

1. pugnu; pugāunu; puginu

2. hāmī yo sãvād unīharūlāī pugāundê cḫu.

3. yo sãvād unīharūlāī pugindê cḫa.

4. nepālī nepālmā bolincḫa

5. tapāī͂ko sabḫāmā ke garincḫa?

 

Answers:-

1. to reach; to cause to reach; to be made to reach

2. We are making this message reach them.

3. This message is reaching them.

4. Nepali is spoken in Nepal.

5. What is done at your meeting?

 

5.11.4.4—Task 5.11.4.4

Translate:-

1. Who was seen in there?

2. You (M) were seen in there.

3. I was not seen there.

4. You (M) will probably be seen tomorrow.

 

Answers:-

1. tyasmā ko dekḫintḫiyo?

2. timī tyasmā dekḫintḫiyô

3. ma tyahā͂ dekḫintḫiinã

4. timī bḫoli dekḫieôlā

 

5.11.4.5—Task 5.11.4.5

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.11.4.1-5.11.4.4 into the other language.

 

 [Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.12—Present Perfect Tense

 

This tense describes what action was done or has been completed.

 

It employs two parts:-

  (1) a perfect participle to describe:-

        what was completed.

and:-

  (2) an auxiliary verb to say:-

        how the action has/was ended.

 

The sentence may also require ‘–le’—‘by’, if the verb is transitive, implying an object was affected by the completed action of the doer.  (This was explained at 5.2.2.)

 

5.12.1—Perfect Participle –eko, -eki, -ekā (-ed)

 

A perfect participle represents what action was completed.  In English such participles typically end in –ed, but in Nepali it is a form of –eko:-

(1) –eko for masculine singular

        unle* gareko cḫan` he’s done

(2) –eki for feminine singular

        unle* gareki cḫan` she has done

(3) –ekā for plural

        unīharūle gareko cḫan` they’ve done.

* unī + -le becomes unle—(See 9.3.)

 

For low (L) and medium (M) persons, a form of –eko is appended to the Past Tense Base. This base  is formed from the dictionary reference verb using the rules at 5.2.1.  The Past Participle is formed by attaching the ending –eko, -eki, or –ekā.

 

Reference  Base    Participle  Meaning

  garnu       gar-     gareko       done

  āunu        ā-         āeko           come

  garāunu   garā-    garāeko     caused to do

  piunu       pi-       pieko          drunk

  jānu         ga-       gaeko         gone

  dḫunu      dḫo-     dḫoeko       washed

  hunu        bḫa-     bḫaeko       been

 

  unī tahā͂ gaeko cḫan`

  —He (M) has gone there.

 

For honorific/high (H) forms –bhaeko is appended to the full –nu form of the verb (e.g. jānu). ‘bhaeko’ does not change for number or gender.

  uhā͂ tahā͂ jānubhaeko cḫa

  —He (H) has gone there.

 

5.12.2—Present Perfect Auxiliary Verb

 

An auxiliary verb states how the action has/was ended.  In English this auxiliary is typically has, but in Nepali it is taken from the present tense of hunu to be affirmative (5.5.3) or negative (5.5.4) by gender and number of the person or thing that acted.  

 

A slight complication is the use of two forms of the auxiliary:-

(1) General Sense

  Affirmative: ma … cḫũ

  Negative:-    ma … chêna

 

 (2) Identification, emphasis, confirmation, defining:-

  Affirmative: ma … hũ

  Negative:-    ma … hoina

 

Alternative forms cḫênã and hoinã are found, as at Luke 18:11—perhaps when the speaker rightly or wrongly speaks from a superior status.

 

These forms are:-

                            Affirmative    Negative

  I         ma                    cḫu           cḫêna *

  you L                       cḫas`        cḫênas`

  you M         timī          cḫô           cḫênô

  he, she LN & LF   ū    cḫa           cḫêna

  he, she MN    yinī       cḫan`        cḫênan`

  he, she MF   unī / tinī cḫan`        cḫênan`

  this, that, it  yo / tyo   cḫa           cḫêna

  you H          tapāī͂     (…-nu        (…-nu

                                    bḫaeko)      bḫaeko)

                                      cḫa           cḫêna

  he, she     yahā͂            - " -          - " -

  he, she   uhā͂ / vahā͂    - " -          - " -

  we       hāmīharū        cḫỗ,          cḫênỗ

  YOU M     timīharū   cḫô           cḫênô

  they LN & LF  yī / tī  cḫan`        cḫênan`

  they        unīharū       cḫan`        cḫênan`

  these      yinīharū       cḫan`        cḫênan`

  those      tinīharū       cḫan`        cḫênan`

  they, these N            cḫan`        cḫênan`

  they, those F             cḫan`        cḫênan`

  YOU H    tapāī͂harū (…-nu-       (…-nu-

                                    bḫaeko)      bḫaeko)

                                      cḫa           cḫêna

  they H  uhā͂harū         - " -          - " -

  these H  yahā͂harū     - " -          - " -

  those H  vahā͂harū     - " -          - " -

 

* An alternative form cḫênã is found, as at Jeremiah 23:32—perhaps when the speaker speaks from a superior status.

 

  mêle ājñā dieko cḫênã.

  —I have not given the commandment.

  swargako rājya najikê āeko cḫa.

  —The Kindom of the heavens has come

        very close.  (Matthew 10:7)

 

5.12.3—Definitive Auxiliary ‘hoina’

 

Sometimes a form of ‘hoina’ is used as the auxiliary verb. This corresponds to a more definitive expression. 

 

An alternative form hoinã for the first person singular is found, as at Jeremiah 23:32—perhaps when the speaker speaks from a respected status.

 

                            Affirmative    Negative

  I         ma                                 hoina *

  you L                       hos`          hoinas`

  you M         timī                       hoinô

  he, she LN & LF   ū    ho             hoina

  he, she MN    yinī       hun`         hoinan`

  he, she MF   unī / tinī hun`         hoinan`

  this, that, it  yo / tyo   ho             hoina

  you H          tapāī͂     (…-nu        (…-nu

                                    bḫaeko)      bḫaeko)

                                      ho             hoina

  he, she     yahā͂            - " -          - " -

  he, she   uhā͂ / vahā͂    - " -          - " -

  we       hāmīharū        hỗ,            hoinỗ

  YOU M     timīharū                hoinô

  they LN & LF  yī / tī  hun`         hoinan`

  they        unīharū       hun`         hoinan`

  these      yinīharū       hun`         hoinan`

  those      tinīharū       hun`         hoinan`

  they, these N            hun`         hoinan`

  they, those F             hun`         hoinan`

  YOU H    tapāī͂harū (…-nu-       (…-nu-

                                    bḫaeko)      bḫaeko)

                                      ho             hoina

  they H  uhā͂harū         - " -          - " -

  these H  yahā͂harū     - " -          - " -

  those H  vahā͂harū     - " -          - " -

 

  ma tyaskāraṇ`-le āeko hoinã.

  —I have not come for that reason.

        (John 8:42)

  mêle jḫūṭ boleko hoinã. (Romans 9:1)

  —I am not lying [ / have not lied]

  mêle yo kurā bḫaneko hoinã.

        (John 13:18)

  —I am not talking (I have not talked)

  mêle tinīharūlāī pāṭḫāeko hoinã.

  —I did not send them. (Jeremiah 23:32)

 

5.12.4—Examples of Present Perfect

 

  ma āeko cḫuI have come.

  mêle tyo kām gareko cḫu

  I have done that work.

  timīle yo khabar suneko cḫô?

  Have you heard this news?

  ūle usko pānī pieko cḫêna

  He (L) has not drunk his water.

  unī bujḫnu sakeki cḫênan`

  She has not been able to understand.

  yo kitāb dekḫieko cḫêna

  This book has not been seen.

  tapāī͂le tyo bujḫnubḫaeko cḫa?

  Have you (H) understood that?

  hāmīharūle hāmro uttarko vyākḫyā

        diekā chỗ

  —We have given the explanation of our

        answer.

  timīharūle hāmro sandeś paḍḫekā cḫô?

  Have YOU (all) read our message?

  unīharū śikḫekā cḫênan`

  They have not learned.

  tapāī͂harū āunubḫaeko cḫa?

  Have YOU (H all) come?

  uhā͂harū kahā͂ jānubḫaeko cḫa?

  Where have they (H) gone?

 

5.12.5—Tasks—Present Perfect

 

5.12.5.1—Task 5.12.5.1

Translate:-

1. ma āeko cḫu

2. ma suneko cḫêna

3. timīle kām gareko cḫênô.

4. hāmīle timīlāī euṭā kitāb dieko cḫỗ.

5. tapāī͂ko kām dekhieko cḫêna.

6. parameśvar-le euṭā pratijñā bḫannu bḫaeko ho.

7. timīharūle hāmro sandeś paḍḫekā cḫô?

8. ūle usko pānī pieko cḫêna

 

Answers:-

1. I have come.

2. I have not heard..

3. You have not worked.

4. We have given you (M) a book.

5. Your (H) work has not been seen.

6. God has given a promise.

7. Have YOU (all) read our message?

8. He (L) has not drunk his water.

 

5.12.5.2—Task 5.12.5.2

Translate:-

1. I have gone.

2. You (M) have seen.

3. She (M) has not seen that.

4. You (H) have not told me his (H) name.

5. They have not learned.

6. Have you (H) understood that?

7. She has not been able to understand.

 

Answers:-

1. ma gaeko cḫu.

2. timī dekḫeko chênô.

3. unle tyo dekḫeko chênan`.

4. tapāī͂le malāī uhā͂ko nām bḫannu bḫaeko hoina.

5. unīharū śikḫekā cḫênan`.

6. tapāī͂le tyo bujḫnubḫaeko cḫa?

7. unī bujḫnu sakeki cḫênan`.

 

5.12.5.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.12.5.1 and 5.12.5.2 into the other language.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.12.6—Cause-and-Effect with ‘X hunāle’ (‘on X obtaining’)

 

This device can be used to simplify a ‘Cause-and-Effect’ structure.  It allows the causal present perfect verb to be replaced with hunāle.

 

 ‘-le’ can be viewed as a conditional participle with the idea of ‘taking this as happening’: based on ‘linu’‘to take’.  (See its use in conditional sentences: ‘If X then Y’11.1.2)

 

The verb describing the action that may have happened is like the dictionary reference form, but with its ending ‘-nu’ changed to ‘-nā’.  ‘-le’ is appended to this:-

  hunu > hunā > hunāle

 

hunāle in a Present Perfect context implies:-

  ‘taking it that X has happened …’, or

  ‘[X] being the case, so …’, or

  ‘If X, …’

 

  ma birāmī bḫaeko hunāle āunu

          sakeko cḫêna

    —I have become ill and so have been

            unable to come.

 

  timī āeko hunāle hāmīharū kurā

          garnu sakcḫỗ

    Literally:-

      You have come, [being the case, so] we

        can talk.

    Meaning:-

        Because you have come, we can talk.

 

  īśvar yo kitāb dinubḫaeko hunāle

    yasmā satya cḫa.

  God having given this book, in it is

        truth. (Because God gave this book, in

        it is truth.)

 

  hāmīlāī yī kurā pratijñā gariyeko hunāle

    pavitra hoỗ.

  —Since these words have been made as

        promises to us, let us be holy.

        (2 Corinthians 7:1)

 

  mêle yo viśvās gareko hunāle mero nyāy

    hũdê cha.

  —Because I have placed this faith, I am

        being judged. (Acts 23:6)

 

  kas-le uhā͂lāī pahile dieko hunāle uhā͂le

    pani dinuparne bhaeko cḫa?

  —Who has first given to him, so that it

        must be repaid to him?  (Romans 11:35)

 

  mero ke pani kām nahunāle ma āju

    āunu sakeko chu.

  —With me having no work at all, I have

        been able to come today.

 

5.13—Past Perfect Tense (or Pluperfect or Completed Past)

 

This tense describes what action had been done or had been completed.

 

Like the Present Perfect Tense (5.12) it employs two parts:-

  (1) a perfect participle to describe what had been completed and

  (2) an auxiliary verb to say how the action had been ended.

 

The sentence may also require –le ‘by’, if the verb is transitive, implying an object was affected by the completed action of the doer.  (This was explained at 5.2.2.)

 

5.13.1—Past Perfect Auxiliary Verb

 

The construction of the past perfect tense is similar to the present perfect tense, but the auxiliary verb is changed from its present form to hunu ‘to be’ to its past form:-

 

                               Affirmative     Negative

I             ma                   tḫiẽ             tḫiinã

you L                          tḫiis`           tḫiinas`

you M       timī               tḫiyô           tḫienô

he L   ū                          tḫiyo (m)     tḫiena (m)

she M   ū                        tḫiī (f)          tḫiina (f)

he yinī/unī / tinī         tḫie (m)/    tḫienan` (m)/

she yinī/unī/tinī            / tḫiin (f)     / tḫiinan` (f)

this/that/it L&M yo/tyo   tḫiyo (m)     tḫiena (m)

this/that/it L&M yo/tyo   tḫiī (f)          tḫiina (f)

you H         tapāī͂            (…-nu-        (…-nu-

                                      bḫaeko)       bḫaeko)

                                       tḫiyo          tḫiena

he/she H yahā͂/uhā͂/vahā͂      - " -          - " -

we      hāmīharū            tḫiyỗ           tḫienỗ

you M   timīharū            tḫiyô           tḫienô

they L      yī / tī          tḫie (m) /   tḫienan` (m)/

                                    / tḫiin (f)    / tḫiinan` (f)

they/these M  yinīharū/     - " -             - " -

        /unīharū/tinīharū     - " -             - " -

they/these L&M             - " -             - " -

they/those L&M              - " -             - " -

YOU H    tapāī͂harū        (…-nu-        (…-nu-

                                    bḫaeko)       - bḫaeko)

                                      tḫiyo           tḫiena

they/these/those yahā͂-         - " -          - " -

-harū/uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū    - " -          - " –

 

5.13.2—Examples of Past Perfect

 

  ma āeko tḫiẽ

  —I had come

  mêle tyo kām gareko tḫiẽ

  —I had done that work

  timīle yo khabar suneko tḫiyô?

  —Had you heard this news?

  ūle usko pānī pieko tḫiena

  —He had not drunk his water

  unī bujḫnu sakeki tḫiinan`

  —She hadn’t been able to understand

  yo kitāb dekḫieko tḫiena

  —This book had not been seen

  tapāī͂le tyo bujḫnubḫaeko tḫiyo?

  —Had you (H) understood that?

  hāmīharūle hāmro uttarko vyākḫyā

    diekā tḫiyỗ

  —We had given the explanation of our

        answer.

  timīharūle hāmro sandeś paḍḫekā

    tḫiyô?

  Had YOU (all) read our message?

  unīharū śikḫekā tḫienan`

  —They had not learned

  tapāī͂harū āunubḫaeko tḫiena?

  —Had YOU (H all) come?

  uhā͂harū kahā͂ jānubḫaeko tḫiyo?

  —Where had they (H all) gone?

  hāmīle timīharūlāī ājñā diekā tḫiyỗ.

  —We had given YOU (M) commandment.

 

5.13.3—Tasks—Past Perfect

5.13.3.1—Task 5.13.3.1

Translate:-

1. ma āeko tḫiẽ.

2. ma suneko tḫiinã.

3. timīle kām gareko tḫienô.

4. hāmīle timīlāī euṭā kitāb dieko tḫiyỗ.

5. tapāī͂ko kām dekhieko tḫiena.

6. parameśvar-le euṭā pratijñā bḫannu bḫaeko tḫiyo.

7. timīharūle hāmro sandeś paḍḫekā tḫiyô?

8. ūle usko pānī pieko tḫiena.

 

Answers:-

1. I had come.

2. I had not heard..

3. You (M) had not worked.

4. We had given you (M) a book.

5. Your (H) work had not been seen.

6. God had given a promise.

7. Had YOU (all) read our message?

8. He (L) had not drunk his water.

 

5.13.3.2—Task 5.13.3.2

Translate:-

1. I had gone.

2. You (M) had seen.

3. She (M) had not seen that.

4. You (H) had not told me his (H) name.

5. They had not learned.

6. Had you (H) understood that?

7. She had not been able to understand.

 

Answers:-

1. ma gaeko tḫiẽ.

2. timī dekḫeko tḫienô.

3. unle tyo dekḫeko tḫienan`.

4. tapāī͂le malāī uhā͂ko nām bḫannu bḫaeko tḫiena.

5. unīharū śikḫekā tḫienan`.

6. tapāī͂le tyo bujḫnubḫaeko tḫiyo?

7. unī bujḫnu sakeki tḫiinan`.

 

5.13.3.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.13.3.1 and 5.13.3.2 into the other language.

 

[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 

5.13.4—Cause-and-Effect with ‘X hunāle’ (‘as X had obtained’)

 

This device can be used to simplify a ‘Cause-and-Effect’ structure.  It allows the causal past perfect verb to be replaced with hunāle.

 

‘-le’ can be viewed as a conditional participle with the idea of ‘taking this as happening’: based on ‘linu’‘to take’.  (See its use in conditional sentences: ‘If X then Y’11.1.2)

 

The verb describing the action that may have happened is like the dictionary reference form, but with its ending ‘-nu’ changed to ‘-nā’.  ‘-le’ is appended to this:-

  hunu > hunā > hunāle

 

hunāle in a past perfect context implies:-

  ‘taking it that X had happened …’, or

  ‘[X] being the case, so …’, or

  ‘If X, …’

 

hunāle here implies:-

  —‘with it being [that X had happened]’

        ‘[X] having been the case, so’

 

  ma birāmī bḫaeko hunāle āunu

    sakeko tḫiinã

    —I had become ill [having happened, so]

      had been unable to come.

 

  timī āeko hunāle hāmīharū kurā

    garnu sakeko cḫỗ

    Literally:-

    —You had come, [being the case, so]

          we could talk.

    Meaning:-

    —Because you had come, we have

          been able to talk.

 

  īśvar yo kitāb dinubḫaeko hunāle yasmā

    satya tḫiyo.

    —God had given this book, so in it

          was truth.

        Because God had given this book,

          in it was truth.

 

  hāmīlāī yī kurā pratijñā gariyeko hunāle

    hāmī pavitra hunu cahekā tḫiyỗ.

  —Since these words had been made as

        promises to us, we had wanted to

        be holy.

 

  mêle yo viśvās gareko hunāle mero nyāy

    hũdê tḫiyo.

  —Because I had placed this faith, I was

        being judged.

 

  kas-le uhā͂lāī pahile dieko hunāle uhā͂le

    pani dinuparne bhaeko tḫiyo?

  —Who has first given to him, so that it

        had to be repaid to him?

 

  mero ke pani kām nahunāle ma hijo

    āunu sakeko tḫiẽ.

  —With me having no work at all, I had

        been able to come yesterday.

 

5.13.5—Tasks—hunāle

 

5.13.5.1—Task 5.13.5.1

Translate:-

1. unī bujḫeko hunāle rāmro kām garyo.

2. tinī suneko nahunāle narāmro kām gareko cḫa.

3. timro śikṣak yahā͂ nahunāle ma timīlāī dekḫāuna sakcḫu.

4. yo kurā timīlāī paḍḫieko hunāle tyasmas satya ke ho?

 

Answers:-

1. As he (M) had understood, he did good work.

2. Since he (MF) had not listened, [he] has done bad work.

3. Since your (M) teacher is not here, I can show you.

4. Since this information has been read to (M), what truth is in it?

5. Your (H) work had not been seen.

 

5.13.5.2

Translate the answers at Task 5.13.5.1 into Nepali.

 

[Go to Top] [Go to List of Contents]

 [Start of Section 5—Verbs]


 

5.14—‘-ne’: the Gerundive Idea of a Verb

 

The gerundive idea of seeking to achieve the action of a particular verb can employ its reference form with its ‘-nu’ ending changed to ‘-ne’.

 

This form can be used:-

  to describe the action itself (5.14.1)

or

  to represent the doer of the action (5.14.2)

 

  garnu > garnedoing; to do; one doing

  jānu > jānegoing; to go; one going

  hunu > hunebeing; to be; one being

 

5.14.1—The Action

 

This application concisely reports or describes the action.  Here are some examples.

 

garnu > garne

  ke garne?What [are we] to do?

  arkolāī prem garne asal ho.

  —To love others is good.

  sabê kurā garne bal pāũcḫu.

  I receive power to do all things.

  śásan garne adḫikār

  —the authority to do ruling

  tin-ko dḫerê adḫyayan garnele

    āpḫêlāī tḫakāũcḫa.

  —too much study of them tires you out.

 

jānu > jāne

  kahā͂ jāne?Where [is one] to go?

  malāi tahā͂ jāne anumati dinuhos`.

  —Give me permission to go there.

 

āunu > āune

  māthibāṭa āune buddḫi

  —wisdom coming from above?

 

paunu > pāune

  kahā͂ tyo pāune?

  —Where [are we] to get it?

  kasarī tḫāha pāune?

  —How will anyone know

        [ / gain awareness]?

  māthibāṭa āune buddḫi pāune mānis

    ko ho?

  —Who (M) is a person receiving wisdom

        that comes from above?

 

bolnu > bolne

  ke bolne?What [are you] to speak?

  jḫūṭḫ bolne mānisa person telling lies

  vibḫinna bḫāṣā bolne jātijāti

  —nations speaking various languages

 

5.14.2—The Doer of the Action

 

The gerundive form can be used to say:-

  the person who does this action;

  the one doing this action;

  the one known to do this action.

 

garnu > garneone who does

  nāś garnele nāś gardê cḫa.

  —The destroyer is destroying. [ / The

        doer of destruction is doing destruction.]

  kām garnele tyo yahā͂ rākḫiyo.

  —The worker put it here.

 

  atitḫi-sat-kār garne hunuparcḫa.

  [One] must be hospitable [ / be one

        doing hospitality].

  tāki ūmātḫi viśvās garne kohī pani nāś

    nahos`.

  —so that everyone exercising faith in him

        might not be destroyed. (John 3:16)

  vivāh garnele asalê garcḫa.

  —Whoever marries does well.

  cintā garnele kām śuru gareko chêna.

  —The worrier has not started the work.

 

  kḫarāb kām garnele āpḫno kḫarāb

    vicār tyāgos`.

  —Let the one doing bad deeds leave

        his bad thoughts. (Isaiah 55:7)

 

cāhanu > cāhaneone who wants

(See also conditional devices at 11.1.3.)

Using ‘kām garna nacāhane’—‘a person who does not want to work’:-

  kām garna nacāhanele pani kḫā͂dā

    nakḫāos`.

  —Let anyone who does not want

        to work, also not eat.

  =If anyone does not want

        to work, neither let him eat.

        (2 Thessalonians 3:10)

 

5.14.3—Tasks—‘-ne’ Gerundive Verb Form

 

5.14.3.1—Task 5.14.3.1

Translate:-

1. ke bolne ?

2. ke sunne ?

3. timīlāī ke bḫanne ?

4. kahā͂ adḫyayan garne?

5. tahā͂ jāneko bal (mero) cḫêna.

6. yo kurā bolneko uddeśya ke ho?

 

Answers:-

1. What to say? [ / What shall we say?]

2. What to listen to? [ / What shall we listen to?]

3. What to tell you (M) ? [ / What shall I tell you?]

4. Where to study? [ / Where shall I (you; we; he…) study?]

5. The strength to go there (mine) does not exist [ / I do not have].

6. What is the purpose of saying these words [ / this matter]?

 

5.14.3.2—Task 5.14.3.2

Translate:-

1. One doing good work [ / A doer of good work] gets a good name.

2. Who is bad? We can see the fruits [ / results] of a doer of bad work!

 

Answers:-

1. rāmro kām garne rāmro nām pāũncḫa.

2. ko kḫarāb ho? hāmīharū kḫarāb garneko pḫal dekḫna sakcḫỗ!

 

5.14.3.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 5.14.3.1 and 5.14.3.2 into the other language.

 

 

5.15—Special Use of Verb Participles ‘bḫanera’ and ‘bḫaneko’

 

5.15.1—X bḫanera: saying X (to myself)

-era—in doing

  X bḫanera Y.

—In asking, “X?”, Y.

  namaste bḫanera gayo.

—Saying, “Hello”, he went.

  usle timro kitāb yahā͂ cḫa bḫanera gayo.

—In saying, “Your book is here”, he went.

—He said my book was here and went.

 

5.15.2—X bḫanera: recalling X

  mero kitāb timro gḫar-mā cha bḫanera ma yahā͂ āeko cḫu.

—With saying (to myself) [or, remembering], “My book is in your house”, I have come here.

—I remembered my book was in your house, and (so) I have come here.

 

5.15.3—X bḫaneko: having said X (to myself) and intending X

  ma us-lāī bḫancḫu bḫaneko ta [/tara] unī āeko cḫêna.

—Having said (to myself) [or, thinking/intending], “I will tell him”, however, he hasn’t come.

—I meant to tell him, but he didn’t come.

 

5.15.4—bḫaneko ‘X’ ho: has the meaning ‘X’

  ‘yahovā’ bḫaneko ke ho? [/yahovā nām-ko artḫ ke ho?]

—What is the meaning of (the name) ‘Jehovah’?

  parameśvar-ko nām “banne ra banāune uhā͂ nê hunuhuncḫa” bḫanne ho?

—God’s name means “He Causes to Become.”

 

[Go to Top] [Go to List of Contents]

 [Start of Section 5—Verbs]

 


 

                                         6 

6 – DESCRIPTIONS ATTACHED TO DOERS AND OBJECTS —(Adjectives)

 

Contents of Section 6      

6.1—Introduction to Adjectives

6.2—Adjectives Used in this Explanation

6.3—Inflection for Gender and Number

6.4Examples of Adjectives Inflected by Gender or Number

6.5—Tasks—Adjectives

6.6—Cardinal Numbers

6.7—Tasks—Cardinal Numbers

 

6.1—Introduction to Adjectives

 

A selection of useful adjectives should be learned.  It is necessary to learn how adjectives have to be modified — perhaps by changing their endings — according to the gender (masculine, feminine, neuter...), their plurality, or even object case of the noun or pronoun to which they are attached.

 

6.2—Adjectives Used in this Explanation

 

kasto                         how?

well                          sanco / rāmrarī

                                  / svastḫa / niko

unwell                      bisanco / birāmī

good / nice               rāmro

bad / wicked             narāmro / kḫarāb

own / one’s own       āpḫno

cheap                        sasto

expensive                 mahãgo

some (people)           kohī

some (things)            kehī

a few

 / a little amount of  alikati

every                        sabê / sab

clean                        saphā

dirty                          mêlo

new                           nayā͂

old                            purāno

big                            ṭḫūlo

small / little              sāno

ready                        tayār

this                           yo

that                           tyo

these                        

those                        

working [person]     kām garne [māncḫe]

peace-speaking        śānti bolne

Nepali                      nepālī

English                     ãgrej

aware, cognizant      thāha

ashamed                   lajjit

 

[Start of Section 6—Adjectives]

 

6.3—Inflection for Gender and Number

 

If the adjective ends in ‘o’:-

  The final vowel gets inflected to suit gender and number.

          Singular              Plural

M:   rāmro keṭā    rāmrā keṭāharū

F:    rāmrī keṭī      rāmrā keṭīharū

 

  For emphasis amend the final vowel to ‘-ê’.

M:   rāmrê keṭā    rāmrê keṭāharū

F:    rāmrê keṭī     rāmrê keṭīharū

 

If the adjective ends in a vowel other than ‘o’ or in a consonant:-

  These do not change.

M:   saphā keṭā     saphā keṭāharū

F:    saphā keṭī      saphā keṭīharū

 

M:   nayā͂ keṭā       nayā͂ keṭāharū

F:    nayā͂ keṭī        nayā͂ keṭīharū

 

  For emphasis amend the final vowel to ‘-ê’.

M:   saphê keṭā     saphê keṭāharū

F:    saphê keṭī      saphê keṭīharū

 

  For emphasis do not amend the final consonant or nasal (as in ā͂).

    Instead, insert ‘dherê’‘very’.

  dherê nayā͂ keṭā    dherê nayā͂ keṭāharū

  dherê nayā͂ keṭī    dherê nayā͂ keṭīharū

 

 

6.4—Examples of Adjectives Inflected by Gender or Number

 

  yo sāno kitāb dḫerê nayā͂ ho.

  —This little book is very new.

  tyo rāmrī keṭī tahā͂ cḫa.

  —That good girl is there.

  yo bahinī rāmrī cḫa.

  —This sister is good.

  tī ṭḫūlā keṭāharū yahā͂ cḫễnan`.

  —The big boys are not here.

  rāmrā keṭīharū satya bḫancḫan`.

  —Good girls say the truth.

  ã, unīharū rāmrā cḫan`!

  —Yes, they are good!

  yo kḫabar rāmrê cḫa.

    —This news is very good.

  tyo rāmro kitāb kahā͂ cḫa?

  —Where is that good book?

  yahā͂ cḫa.Here it is.

  ṭḫūlo cḫêna.It is not big.

  tyo kitāb malāī madat gardê cḫa.

  —The book helps me.

  yo rāmro kḫabar hāmīlāī madat

    garna sakcḫa.

  —This good news can help.

  bḫoli ma timīlāī bhancḫu, timī ke

    garnu parcḫa.

  —This book tells us what we must do.

  hāmī[harū]le rāmro kām garnu

    parcḫa

  —We must do good work.

  {āhile āune māncḫe} bḫandê cḫa.

  —{The man who is coming now} is speaking.

  {śānti bolne bahinī} āunu bḫaeko cḫa.

  —{The sister(3H) speaking peace} has come.

  ke timīharūlāī tḫāha cḫêna?

  Do YOU (M) not know? [ / Are you

        not aware?] (1 Corinthians 6:9)

 

6.5—Tasks—Adjectives

 

6.5.1—Task 6.5.1

Translate:-

1. sanco cḫô? sancê cḫu!

१. सन्चो छौ? सन्चै छु!

2. ke yo kitāb mahãgo cḫa?

२. के यो किताब महँगो छ?

3. rāmrê keṭīharū

३. राम्रै केटीहरू

4. tī ṭḫūlā keṭāharū yahā͂ cḫênan`.

४. ती ठूला केटाहरू यहाँ छैनन्

5. āhile āune māncḫe bḫandê cḫa.

५. अहिले आउने मान्छे भन्दै छ।

6. usko āpḫno viśvās

६. उस्को आफ्नो विश्वास।

 

Answers:-

1. Are you (M) well? I’m very well!

2. Is this book expensive?

3. very good girls

4. The big boys are not here.

5. The man who is coming now is speaking.

6. his (L) own faith

 

6.5.2—Task 6.5.2

Translate:-

1. good boys

2. a very new girl

3. The book helps me.

4. Are you not aware?

5. clean boys

 

Answers:-

1. rāmrā keṭāharū

१. राम्रा केटाहरू

2. dherê nayā͂ keṭī

२. धेरै नयाँ केटी

3. tyo kitāb malāī madat gardê cḫa.

३. त्यो किताब मलाई मदत गर्दै छ।

4. ke timīharūlāī tḫāha cḫêna?

४. के तिमीहरूलाई थाह छैन?

5. saphê keṭāharū

५. सफै केटाहरू

 

6.5.3—Task 6.5.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 into the other language.

 

 

6.6—Cardinal Numbers (One, Two…)

 

0 zero   ० शुन्य śunya

1 one    एक  ek *    11 eleven      ११ एघार       eghāra

2 two    २ दुई  duī     12 twelve      २ बाह्र         bāhra

3 three  ३ तीन tīn      13 thirteen    ३ तेह्र          tehra

4 four   ४ चार  cār      14 fourteen   ४ चौध        côdḫa

5 five    ४ पाँच pãc     15 fifteen      ४ पन्ध        pandḫ

6 six     ६ छ   cḫa     16 sixteen     ६ सोह्र         sohra

7 seven ७ सात sāt      17 seventeen ७ सत्र          satra

8 eight  ८ आठ āṭḫ     18 eighteen   ८ अठार       aṭḫāra

9 nine   ९ नौ         19 nineteen   ९ उननाईस  unnāīs

10 ten   १० दस das     20 twenty      २० बीस         bīs

 

     20              30                40                50

0   bīs             tīs                cālīs            pacās

1   ekkāis       ek-tīs           ek-cālīs       ekāunna

2   bāīs           battīs           bayālīs        bāunna

3   teīs            teīs              tricālīs        tripanna

4   côbīs         cỗtīs            cawālīs        caunna

5   paccīs        pễtīs            pễtālīs         pac-panna

6   cḫabbīs     cḫattīs         cḫayālīs      cḫapanna

7   sattāīs       sễtīs             sat-cālīs      santāunna

8   aṭṭḫāis       aṭḫ`tīs          aṭḫ-cālīs      anṭḫāunna

9   unnīs         unancālīs     unancās       unansāṭḫī

0   tīs              cālīs            pacās           sāṭḫī

 

     60              70                80                90

0   sāṭḫī          sattarī          asī               nabbe

1   ek-saṭṭḫī    ek-hattar     ekāsī           ekānabbe

2   bễsaṭṭḫī     bahattar       bayāsī         bayānabbe

3   trisaṭṭḫī     trihattar       triyāsī         triyānabbe

4   cỗsaṭṭḫī     côhattar       côrāsī          côrānabbe

5   pễsaṭṭḫī     pac-hattar    pacāsī          paccānabbe

6   cḫễsaṭṭḫī   cḫahattar     cḫayāsī        cḫayānabbe

7   sat-saṭṭḫī   sat-hattar     satāsī           santānabbe

8   aṭḫ-saṭṭḫī  aṭḫ-hattar    aṭḫāsī          anṭḫānabbe

9   un-hattar   unāsī           unānabbe    unānsay

0   sattarī        asī               nabbe          say

 

100 say (one hundred = ek say)

102 ek say duī

345 tīn say pā͂c

1000 hajār (one thousand = ek hajar)

11234 egḫāra hajār duī say cỗtīs

100,000 = १,००,००० ek lākḫ

(one hundred thousand = one lakh)

10,000,000 = १,००,००,००० ek karoḍ

(ten million = one crore)

 

123,456,789 = ,३४,५६,७८९

  —bāhra karoḍ cỗtīs lākḫ cḫapanna hajār…

        … sāt say unānabbe

 

* euṭā is used to say how many things there are.

  an (indefinite) example—euṭā udāharaṇ

  One (definite) faith there is

  —viśvās euṭê cḫa

  There is one God

  —parameśvar ek janā hunuhuncḫa

  God is one

  —parameśvar ekê hunuhuncḫa

 

person(s) (a particle)    janā

three [person] men       tīn [janā] māncḫe

thing(s) (a particle)       vaṭā

three [thing] books       tīn [vaṭā] kitāb

animal(s) (a particle)    vaṭā

two [animal] chickens  duī [vaṭā] kukḫurā

 

6.7—Tasks—Cardinal Numbers

 

6.7.1—Task 6.7.1

Translate:-

1. duī[-vaṭā] kitāb

१. दुई[वटा] किताब

2. tīn janā māncḫe

२. तीन जना मान्छे

3. euṭā rāmro kukḫurā

३. एउटा राम्रो कुखुरा

4. hāmro lāgi euṭā cḫorā di-ieko cḫa.

४. हाम्रो लागि एउटा छोरा दिइएको छ।

5. euṭê viśvās cḫa r euṭê pavitra śakti.

५. एउटै विश्वास छ र एउटै पवित्र शक्ति।

 

Answers:-

1. two [indefinite] books

2. three men

3. a fine chicken

4. For us a son has been given.

5. There is one faith and one holy spirit.

 

6.7.2—Task 6.7.2

Translate:-

1. four hundred and seventy nine books

2. one thousand and six men

 

Answers:-

1. cār say unāsī kitāb

१. चार सय उनासी किताब

2. ek hajār cḫa māncḫe

२. एक हजीर छ मान्छे

 

6.7.3—Task 6.7.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 6.7.1 and 6.7.2 into the other language.

 

 

[Go to Top] [List of Contents]

 [Start of Section 6—Adjectives]


 

                                   7 

7 – DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS DONE OR THE QUALIFYING OF AN ADJECTIVE
(Adverbs)

 

A selection of useful adverbs should be learned.

Here is selection of useful adverbs.

 

7.1—Adverbs Used in this Explanation

 

not                              na

not good (=bad)         narāmro

nicely (=having…

    …done ‘nice’)        rāmro garera

kindly; please H         -hos (for tapāī͂)

quite, a little, fairly    ali

slightly                        ali ali

very                             dḫerê

extremely                    nikê

absolutely                   ek-damê

only                             mātra; mātrê

also / too                     pani

sometimes                   kahilekahī͂

never (…not)              kahilyê pani … na

always                        sadḫễ

later                            pacḫi

again                          pherī

yesterday                    hijo

today                           āja / āju

tomorrow                    bḫoli

earlier / beforehand   aghāṛī / aghī

now                             ahile / aba

later                            pacḫi

perhaps                       sāyad

where?                        kahā͂?

here                            yahā͂

there                           tyahā͂

when?                         kahile?

quickly                        cḫitê / chito garera

more / further             ajḫê

 

See further use of adverbs in comparatives and superlatives.  (See 8.0.)

 

7.2—Examples of the Use of Adverbs

 

  tapāī hijo āunubḫaena

    —You did not come yesterday.

  tinī sadḫễ rāmro kām gardê cḫa

    —He/she is always doing good work

  ma bḫoli pherī kośiś garcḫu

    —I will try again tomorrow.

  āunuhos`

  —Please come! (For tapāī͂)

  tyo pani narāmro cḫa

    —That is bad, too.

  yo kitāb nikê rāmro ho.

    —This book is extremely good.

  timī kahile jāncḫo?

    —When will you (M) go?

  bḫoli gaera parsu pḫeri āundê cḫu.

    —I’ll go [ / having gone] tomorrow and

        come again the day after tomorrow.

  malāī pheri bḫannuhos`.

    —Tell to me again.

  tapāī͂ ko sabḫa kahā͂ hunecḫa?

    —Where will your (H) meeting be?

  tī sadḫê yahā͂ huncḫa.

    —They (L) are always here.

  parameśvar-le uhā͂lāī ajḫê

    bḫannubḫayo…

    —God further said to him (H)

        (Genesis 17:9)

 

7.3—Tasks—Adverbs

 

7.3.1—Task 7.3.1

Translate:-

1. dḫerê rāmro

१. धेरै राम्रो

2. ek-damê narāmro

२. एकदमै नराम्रो

3. unī kahilekahī͂ yahā͂ āuncḫan.

३. उनी कहिलेकहीं यहाँ आन्छन्।

4. yī kahile pani sundêna.

४. यी कहिले पनि सुन्दैन।

5. śāyad ma āũla.

५. शायद म आउल।

6. chito garera āunuhos`.

६. छितो गरेर आउनुहोस्।

7. ma ali-ali matrê kḫāncḫu.

७. म अलि-अलि मत्रै खान्छु।

 

Answers:-

1. very good

2. absolutely bad

3. He (M) sometimes comes here.

4. He (L) never listens at all.

5. Perhaps I may come.

6. Kindly come (H) quickly.

7. I’ll only eat a little.

 

7.3.2—Task 7.3.2

Translate the answers at Task 7.2.1 into Nepali.

 

[Go to Top] [List of Contents]


 

                                   8 

8 – COMPARISONS

—COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

 

Contents of Section 8

 

8.1—Formation of Comparative Structures

8.2—Verbs with Descriptive Use—cḫa

8.3—Verbs with Definitive Use—ho

8.4—Examples with References

8.5—Tasks

 

8.1—Formation of Comparatives and Superlatives

 

How are comparatives formed?

    (This road is more even.)

    (This road is better.)

 

How are superlatives formed?

    (This road is most even.)

    (This road is best.)

 

Normal   Moreso    Than        Most

                 jḫanê /    

                 ajḫê /

                 jyādā /

                               bḫandā    sab-bḫandā

 

  good       better                        the best

rāmro      baṛḫī                     sab-bḫandā

                 [/jyādā]                    rāmro

                 rāmro

 

asal          jḫanê                     sabêbḫandā

                   asal                           asal

 

There are some special words:-

  jeṭḫo                  older

  kāncḫo              younger

 

8.2—Verbs with Descriptive Use—cḫa

 

  This book is good.

  —yo kitāb rāmro cḫa.

  This book is better.

  —yo kitāb baṛḫī [/jyādā} rāmro cḫa.

  This book is best.

  —yo kitāb sab-bḫandā rāmro cḫa.

  the finest perfumes

  —sabêbḫandā asal attar

 

8.3—Verbs with Definitive Use—ho

 

  This is the best book.

yo sab-bḫandā rāmro kitāb ho.

 

8.4—Examples with References

 

  ū ajḫê buddhimān` hunecḫa.

  —He (L) will be wiser. (Proverbs 9:9)

  timro ḍorī ajḫê lāmo banāū.

  —Make your cords longer. (Isaiah 54:2)

  ma timīharūlāī dḫerê prem garcḫu.

  —I love YOU (M) more.

        (2 Corinthians 2:15)

  ū jḫanê ānandita hunecḫa.

  —She will be [ / is to be] happier.

  bubā mabḫandā mahān hunuhuncḫa

  —The father is greater than I am.

        (John 14:28)

  uhā͂ko buddḫi cihāṅ-bḫandā gahiro cḫa.

  —His (H) wisdom is deeper than the grave.

        (Job 11:8)

  euṭā siṅ arko bḫandā ajḫê lāmo tḫiyo.

    One horn was higher than the other.

        (Daniel 8:3)

  jo sab-bḫandā sāno cḫa.

  —The one who is least. (Ephesians 3:8)

  yo nê sabêbḫandā ṭḫulo ājñā ho.

  —This is the greatest commandment.

        (Matthew 22:38)

  sabêbḫandā asal cij-harū

  —the finest things (Hebrews 7:4)

  unīharū uhā͂bḫandā jeṭḫā tḫiyo.

  —They (M) were older than him.

        (Job 32:4)

  jeṭḫo cāhĩ kāncḫoko dās hunecḫa.

  —The older will be the slave of the younger.

        (Romans 9:12)

 

8.5—Tasks—Comparative, Superlative

 

8.5.1—Task 8.5.1

Translate:-

1. unī mabḫandā lāmo hun`.

१. उनी मभन्दा लामो हुन्।

2. ma uhā͂bḫandā sāno hũ.

२. म उहाँभन्दा सानो हुँ।

3. bubā mabḫandā mahān hunuhuncḫa.

३. बुबा माभन्दा महान हुनुहुन्छ।

4. uhā͂ko prem yobḫandā gahiro cḫa.

४. उहाँको प्रेम योभन्दा गहिरो छ।

5. yo keṭī arko bḫandā ānandita tḫiyo.

५. यो केटी अर्को भन्दा आनन्दित थियो।

 

Answers:-

1. He (M) is taller than me.

2. I am smaller than him (H).

3. The father is greater than I am.

4. His (H) love is deeper than this.

5. This girl was happier than the other.

 

8.5.2—Task 8.5.2.

Translate:-

1. That is my newest book.

2. To love him (H) is the greatest commandment.

3. This man is older.

4. That is the youngest girl.

 

Answers:-

1. tyo mero sab-bḫandā nayā͂ kitāb cḫa.

१. त्यो मेरो सबभन्दा नयाँ किताब छ।

2. uhā͂lāī prem garne sabêbḫandā ṭḫulo ājñā ho.

२. उहाँलाई प्रेम गर्ने सबैभन्दा थुलो आज्ञा हो।

3. yo lognemāncḫe jeṭḫo ho.

३. यो लोग्नेमान्छे जेथो हो।

4. tyo sab-bḫandā kāncḫī keṭī ho.

४. त्यो सबभन्दा कान्छी केटी हो।

 

8.5.3

Translate the answers at Tasks 8.5.1 and 8.5.2 into the other language.

 

 [Go to Top] [List of Contents]


 

                                   9 

9 – CHANGING FORMS OF OBJECT PRONOUNS AND NOUNS BY THEIR ‘CASE’

 

Contents of Section 9

 

9.1—Introduction to Object ‘Cases’

9.2—Common Object Cases and Their Related Postpositions

9.3—List of Other Postpositions

9.4—Changing of Demonstrative Adjectives with Nouns

9.5—Changing of Object Personal Pronouns—as with ‘ma’

9.6—Changing of Object Personal Pronouns—All

9.7—Changing of Object Nouns

9.7.1—Changing Impersonal Object Pronouns

9.7.2—Tasks—Impersonal Object Pronouns

9.7.3—Changing Personal Object Pronouns

9.8—General Examples of How Nouns and Pronouns Change by Case

9.9—Tasks—Declension of Nouns and Pronouns

 

9.1—Introduction to Object ‘Cases’

 

If a noun or pronoun representing a thing or person is not the doer but is affected by an action, then it is called the object in a clause. It is usually a modified form of the word that would be used if it were the doer (subject). In the Nepali language you may modify the word itself or attach another element (a postposition) after it.

 

We can tabulate the changes required according to ‘case’, and, if necessary, gender and plurality. (We keep it as simple as possible to begin with.)  It can be helpful to relate common grammatical ‘cases’ to the postpositions Nepali uses to express them. (See 9.2.)  Other postpositions are also used, so these others are listed separately at 9.3.

 

Firstly, see the changes in demonstrative adjectives with nouns in this book, that book, these books, and those books according to ‘case’ and the postpositions involved. (See 9.4.)

Secondly, see how personal pronouns are adapted—for example, I, me, my, to me. (See 9.5‘ma’, or 9.6—All.)

 

Thirdly, see how nouns like book and man change—as with the book, of the book, to the book. (See 9.7.)

 

[Go to Start of Section 9
—Changes to Object Pronouns and Nouns
]

 

9.2—Common Object Cases and Their Related Postpositions

 

Case                  Purpose     Postposition

Nominative       [Doer]                -

Accusative*      affecting   (-lāī)

Genitive**            of            -ro / -rī / -rā

                                             -ko / -kī / kā

Dative***             to                  -lāī

Instrumental-1  by/through       -le

Instrumental-2  by way of       -dvārā

Ablative                from       -bāṭa / -dekḫi

Locative-1               in          -bḫitro / -mā

Locative-2              on               mātḫi

Locative-3              at                  -lāī

Vocative           Oh …!             he …!

* Indirect Object

** Possessive

*** Direct Object

 

9.3—List of Other Postpositions

 

          with            -sit / -sãga

          for              … lāgi / … nimti

          after           … pacḫi

          up to           -samma

           / as far as  -samma

          since

          (time)              -dekḫi

          except …         -bāheka

          than                 -bḫandā (8.1)

 

9.4—Changing of Demonstrative Adjectives with Nouns

 

With singular nouns:-

  yo kitāb—this book

  yas kitāb-lāī—to this book

 

  tyo kitāb—that book

  tyas kitāb-lāī—to that book

 

With plural nouns:-

  kitāb-harū —these books

      kitāb-harūlāī—to these books

 

  kitāb-harū—those books

  kitāb-harūlāī—to those books

 

 [Go to Start of Section 9—Changes to Object Pronouns and Nouns]

 

9.5—Changing of Object Personal Pronouns—as with ‘ma’

 

I                           ma

affecting me        malāī

of me (my)           mero / merī / merā

to me                    malāī

by/through me     mêle

by way of me       madvārā

from me               mabāṭa / madekḫi

in me                    mero bḫitro / mero mā

on me                   mero mātḫi

at me                    malāī

with me                masit / masãga

for me                  mero lāgi / mero nimti

Oh me!                 he ma!

 


9.6—Changing of Object Personal Pronouns—All

 

If a pronoun ends in a consonant, the latter’s character does not get conjoined into a single syllable when a postposition is attached.  Hence, ‘us-lāī’ is correct, not ‘uslāī’.

 

I—                    ma; malāī; mero; mêle

you L —                  tã; talāī; tero; têle

you M—      timī; timīlāī; timro; timīle

he, she LN—ū; us-lāī; us-ko; us-le

he, she LF—ū; us-lāī; us-ko; us-le

he, she MN—yinī; yin-lāī; yin-ko; yin-le

he, she MF—unī; un-lāī; un-ko; un-le /

                      tinī; tin-lāī; tin-ko; tin-le

this, it N—yo; yas-lāī; yas-ko; yas-le

that, it F—tyo; tyas-lāī; tyas-ko; tyas-le

you H—tapāī͂; tapāī͂lāī; tapāī͂ko; tapāī͂le

he, she HN—              yahā͂; yahā͂lāī;

                                    yahā͂ko; yahā͂le

he, she HF—uhā͂; uhā͂lāī; uhā͂ko; uhā͂le /
                 vahā͂; vahā͂lāī; vahā͂ko; vahā͂le

we—       hāmī; hāmīlāī; hāmro; hāmīle /

                        hāmīharū; hāmīharūlāī;

                        hāmīharūko; hāmīharūle

you M—    timīharū; t…lāī; t…ko; t…le

they LN—

they LF—

they, these MN—yinīharū; y…lāī;

                             y…ko; y…le

they, these MF—unīharū/tinīharū;

                          u/t…lāī; u/t…ko; u/t…le

they, these, those NF—yī / tī

you H    tapāī͂harū; t…lāī; t…ko; t…le

they, these H—yahā͂harū;

                                   y…lāī; y…ko; y…le

they, those H—uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū;

                         u/v…lāī; u/v…ko; u/v…le

 

See also Section 12 about Relative Sentences

who?ko; kas-lāī; kas-ko; kas-le

the one whojo; jas-lāī; jas-ko; jas-le

that one—tinī

  ānandita lognemāncḫeharū

      jas-ko kām rāmro cḫa.

    —Happy [are] those men whose work

          is good.

 

9.6.1—Tasks—Changing Personal Object Pronouns

 

9.6.1.1—Task 9.6.1.1

Translate:-

1. ma yahā͂ cḫu. ma sancê cḫu.

१. म यहाँ छु। म सन्चै छु।

2. ma śikṣak hũ.

२. म शिक्षक हुँ।

3. mero śikṣak malāī sikāũcḫa.

३. मेरो शिक्षक मलाई सिकाउँछ।

4. mêle śikṣak-lāī tyo kurā bḫaneko cḫa.

४. मैले शिक्षकलाई त्यो कुरा भनेको छ।

5. unī madvārā sunyo.

५. उनी मद्वारा सुन्यो।

6. unī mabāṭa tyo kitāb pāyo.

६. उनि मबाट त्यो किताब पायो।

7. meromā ke sā͂co prem cḫa?

७. मेरोमा के साँचो प्रेम छ?

8. malāī tyo kitāb dinuhos`.

८. मलाई त्यो किताब दिनुहोस्।

9. mero śikṣak-le masãga bolyo.

९. मेरो शिक्षकले मसँग बल्यो।

10. yo kitāb mero lāgi paṭḫāieko tḫiyo.

१०. यो किताब मेरो लागि पठियेको थियो।

11. unī mabḫandā buddḫimān` hun`.

११. उनि मभन्दा बुद्धिमान् हुन्।

 

Answers:-

1. I am here.  I am very well.

2. I am a teacher.

3. My teacher teaches me.

4. I have said that matter to the teacher.

5. He (M) heard through me.

6. He received that book from me.

7. Is there true love in me?

8. Please give that book to me.

9. My teacher spoke with me.

10. This book was sent for me.

11. He (M) is wiser than me.

 

9.6.1.2—Task 9.6.1.2

Translate the answers at Task 9.6.1.1 into Nepali.

 

[Go to Start of Section 9
—Changes to Object Pronouns and Nouns
]


 

9.7—Changing of Object Nouns

 

9.7.1—Impersonal Nouns

 

the book                      kitāb

affecting the book      kitāb-lāī

of the book                  kitāb-ko (1) /

                                    kitāb-harū-kā (>1) *

to the book                  kitāb-lāī

by/through the book   kitāb-le

by way of the book     kitāb-dvārā

from the book             kitāb-bāṭa /

                                    kitāb-dekḫi

in the book                  kitāb-mā /

                                    kitāb-ko bḫitro

among the books        kitāb-harūmadhya

on the book                 kitāb mātḫi

at the book                  kitāb-lāī

with the book              kitāb-sit / kitāb-sãga

for the book                kitāb-ko lāgi /

                                    kitāb-ko nimti

Oh the book                he kitāb!

 

  yo kitāb—this book

  mêle yas kitāb-lāī dekḫyo.

  —I looked to this book

  ma tyas kitāb-ko nām jāndina.

  —I don’t know the name of that book.

  yas kitāb-le malāi madat gareko cḫa.

  —This book has helped me.

  yo kitāb tyas kitāb-bḫandā nayā͂ ho.

  —This book is newer than that book.

 

9.7.2—Tasks—Impersonal Nouns

 

9.7.2.1—Task 9.7.2.1

Translate:-

1. yo kitāb; tyo kitāb

2. yo kitāb nayā͂ ho.

3. nayā͂ kitāb kahā͂ cḫa?

4. yas kitāb-ko nām ke ho?

5. yas kitāb-mā rāmro kurā ho.

6. tyas kitāb-le malāī satya bḫanyo.

7. yas kitāb-dvārā mêle satya sikeko cḫu.

8. sāno kitāb tḫulo kitāb-sãga tḫiyo.

9. yo susamācār tyas kitāb-bāṭa āũcḫa.

10. sapḫā kitāb mêlo kitāb-mātḫi narākḫnuhos`.

11. tyas kitāb-ko lāgi parkḫanu parcḫa.

12. tī kitāb-harūmadḫya kahā͂-samma paḍḫyô?

 

Answers:-

1. this book; that book

2. This book is new.

3. Where is the new book?

4. What is the name of this book?

5. In this book are good words.

6. That book spoke truth to me.

7. Through this book I have learned truth.

8. The little book was with the big book.

9. This good news comes from that book.

10. Please do not put the clean book on the dirty book.

11. You have to wait for that book.

12. Among those books up to where did you (M) read?

 

9.7.2.2.—Task 9.7.2.2

Translate the answers at Task 9.7.2.1 into Nepali.

 

9.7.2.3.—Task 9.7.2.3

Transform the questions at Task 9.7.2.1 into the plural and check with the following answers.

 

Answers:-

1. yī kitāb-harū; tī kitāb-harū.

2. yī kitāb-harū nayā͂ ho.

3. nayā͂ kitāb-harū kahā͂ cḫan`?

4. yī kitāb-harūko nām ke hun`?

5. yī kitāb-harūmā rāmro kurā ho.

6. tī kitāb-harūle malāī satya bḫane.

7. yī kitāb-harūdvārā mêle satya sikeko cḫu.

8. sānā kitāb-harū tḫulā kitāb-harūsãga tḫie.

9. yo susamācār tī kitāb-harūbāṭa āũcḫa.

10. sapḫā kitāb-harū mêlā kitāb-harūmātḫi narākḫnuhos`.

11. tī kitāb-harūko lāgi parkḫanu parcḫa.

12. tī kitāb-harūmadḫya kahā͂-samma paḍḫyô?

 

9.7.3—Personal Nouns

 

the man—                         lognemāncḫe

affecting the man—        lognemāncḫelāī

of the man—                   lognemāncḫeko *

to the man—                   lognemāncḫelāī

by/through the man—    lognemāncḫele

by way of the man— lognemāncḫedvārā

from the man—lognemāncḫebāṭa / -dekḫi

in the man—lognemāncḫemā / ko bḫitro

on the man—        lognemāncḫeko mātḫi

at the man—               lognemāncḫelāī

with the man—           lognemāncḫesit /

                                    lognemāncḫesãga

for the man—       lognemāncḫeko lāgi /

                             lognemāncḫeko nimti

Oh the man!—       he lognemāncḫe!

*  kī (not ko) if a female human is ‘owned’.

     (not ko) if more than one are owned.

 

  yo lognemāncḫe—this man

  yas lognemāncḫelāī—to this man

  mêle yas lognemāncḫelāī bḫannu parcḫa

  —I must speak to this man

  yas lognemāncḫeko—of that man

  yas lognemāncḫeko nām

  —this man’s name

  yas lognemāncḫe-le—by this book

  yas lognemāncḫele malāī satya bḫanyo

  —This man told me truth


 

9.8—Examples of How Nouns and Pronouns Change by Case

 

  lognemāncḫeko bhāi

    The man’s brother

  lognemāncḫekī āmā

    The mother of the man

  lognemāncḫekā kitāb-harū

    The man’s books

  lognemāncḫekā bahinīharū

    The man’s books

  lognemāncḫekā bhāibahinīharū

    The man’s brothers and sisters

  hāmīharūkā bhāibahinīharū

    —Our brothers and sisters

 

  tyo kitāb lognemāncḫeko lāgi cḫa.

    That book is for the man.

  ma lognemāncḫesãga tḫiẽ.

    I was with the man.

  ma kitāb-dvārā sikna sakẽ.

    —I was able to learn through the book.

  yinī mero kitāb lyāundê tḫie.

    He [MN] was bringing my book.

  ma lognemāncḫesãga thiẽ.

    I was with the man.

 

  mero bāheka arko keṭā āeko cḫêna.

    Apart from me no other boy has come.

 

9.9—Tasks—Declension of Nouns and Pronouns

 

9.9.1—Task 9.9.1

Translate:-

1. śikṣak-ko bḫāi; us-ko bḫāi

१. शिक्षकको भाइ; उसको भाइ

2. śikṣak-kī āmā; us-kī āmā

२. शिक्षककी आमा; उसकी आमा

3. śikṣak-kā kitāb-harū; us-kā kitāb-harū

३. शिक्षकका किताबहरू; उसका किताबहरू

4. śikṣak-kā bahinīharū; us-kā bahinīharū

४. शिक्षकका बहिनीहरू; उसका बहिनीहरू

5. unī yahā͂ tḫienan`.

५. उनी यहाँ थिएनन्।

6. yas-kāraṇ-le mêle un-lāī yo bḫannu sakeko cḫêna.

६. यसकारणले मैले उनलाई यो भान्नु सकेको छैन।

7. tinī kahā͂ cḫan`?

७. तिनी कहाँ छन्?

8. mêle tin-lāi bḫannu parcḫa.

८. मैले तिनलाई भन्नु पर्छ।

 

Answers:-

1. the teacher’s (younger) brother; his brother

2. the teacher’s mother; his mother

3. the teacher’s books; his books

4. the teacher’s (younger) sisters; his sisters

5. He (M) was not here.

6. For this reason I have been unable to tell this to him.

7. Where is he (MF)?

8. I must tell him.

 

9.9.2—Task 9.9.2

Translate:-

1. He (MN) has come. Please give him my book!

2. I do not know him. I have not seen him.

3. Has he (L) seen you (M)?

4. I heard this good news through that man.

5. I brought this book from him (L).

6. In this book there are matters [ / words] of life.

 

Answers:-

1. yinī āeko cḫan`. yin-lāī mero kitāb dinuhos` !

१. यिनी आएको छन्। यिनलाई मेरो किताब दिनुहोस् !

2. ma tin-lāī cindêna. mêle tin-lāī dekḫeko cḫêna.

२. म तिनलाई चिन्दैन। मैले तिनलाई देखेको छैन।

3. ūle ke timīlāī dekḫeko cḫêna ?

३. ऊले के तिमीलाई देखेको छैन?

4. mêle tyas lognemāncḫedvārā yo susamācār sunẽ.

४. मैले त्यस लोग्नेमान्छेद्वारा यो सुसमाचार सुनें।

5. mêle yo kitāb ūbāṭa liẽ.

५. मैले यो किताब ऊबाट लिएँ।

6. yas kitāb-mā jīvan-ko kurā cḫa.

६. यसकिताबमा जीवनको कुरा छ।

 

9.9.3—Task 9.9.3

Translate:-

1. īśvar-ko celāharūko bḫitro prem hunu parcḫa.

१. ईश्वरको चेलाहरूको भित्रो प्रेम हुनु पर्छ।

2. timro kitāb tyas lognemāncḫeko kitāb mātḫi tḫiyo.

२. तिम्रो किताब त्यस लोग्नेमान्छेको किताब माथि थियो।

3. ū mero kitāb us-ko mātḫi rākḫera hĩḍdê tḫiyo.

३. ऊ मेरो किताब उसको माथि राखेर हिंडदै थियो।

4. merī bahinī tapāīsit [ / -sãga] tḫiī. (5.5.3)

४. मेरी बहिनी तपाईसित [ / -सँग] थिई।

5. mêle yo kitāb timro lāgi liera āeko cḫu.

५. मैले यो किताब तिम्रो लागि लिएर आएको छु।

 

Answers:-

1. Love must be in God’s follower(s).

2. Your (M) book was on top of that man’s book.

3. He (L) put my book on top of him and was walking around.

4. My (younger) sister was with you (H).

5. I have brought this book for you (M).

 

9.9.4—Task 9.9.4

Translate the answers at Tasks 9.9.1 and 9.9.3 into the other language.

 

 [Go to Top] [List of Contents]
[Go to Start of Section 9—Changes to Object Pronouns and Nouns]


 

                                  10

10 – CONNECTIVES

 

Contents of Section 10    

10.1—List of Connectives

10.2—Examples of the Use of Connectives

10.3—Avoidance of ‘and’ in a Series of Actions

10.4—Tasks—Connectives

 

10.1—List of Connectives

 

A list of useful connectives should be learned.

 

ra                             and [See ‘Avoidance

                                 of “and”’ (10.3)]

tara                          but

taba                          then

ani                            and so; also

tyas-kāraṇ               therefore

yas-kāraṇle             for this reason

phal-svarūp             consequently

tyasêle                      so

kinaki                      because

ki                              that

tāki                          so that

bḫanera                   saying; recalling; (See 5.15.1, .2.)

bḫaneko                   intending; expressing; meaning (See 5.15.3, .4.)

[Go to Start of Section 10—Connectives]

 

10.2—Examples of the Use of Connectives

 

  unī yahā͂ kām garcḫa, ra tyas-pacḫi ma

    usãga yo kitāb paḍḫ`cḫu.

  —He works here and after that I read

        this book with him.

  unīharūle yo kitāb paḍḫe, tara

    bujhenan`.

  —They (did) read that book, but did not

        understand.

  timī āuna sakcô, taba ma timīsãga

    bhanna sakcḫu.

  —You can come, then I can speak with

        you.

  unī āuna sakena, tyas-kāraṇ hāmī

    unīsãga bhandênỗ.

  —He could not come, therefore we are

        not speaking with him.

  hāmī unīsãga bhandênỗ, kinaki unī

    āuna sakena.

  —We are not speaking with him, because

        he could not come.

  mêle tapāīī bhanyo ki tapāīle

    unīharūī madat garnu parcḫa.

  —I have told you that you must help them.

  unī āyo, tāki unī masãga bhanna sakos`.

  —He came, so that he might speak

        with me.

 

 [Go to Start of Section 10—Connectives]

 

10.3—Avoidance of ‘AND’ in a Series of Actions

 

In English a chain of verbs may be liked by ‘and’. 

  i.e.     X did Y and Z.

In Nepali you can say ‘Having done X, A did Y’. This uses the verb form, ‘having done + and’—for example:-

  ‘lie + ra’‘having taken + and’

 

  mero kitāb liera āunuhos`!

  —Please bring my book!

        (‘Having taken my book please come!)

 

  ma āera kām garcḫu

  —I will come and work.

  kitāb paḍḫera bujhdê cḫu

  —After reading the book I understand.

  rāmro garera sikdê cḫô

  —You are learning well.

      (Literally:

        Having done nicely you are learning.)

 

[Go to Top] [List of Contents] [Go to Start of Section 10—Connectives]

 

10.4—Tasks—Connectives

 

10.4.1—Task 10.4.1

Translate:-

1. ākāś ra pŗtḫvī

१. आकाश र पृथ्वी

2. tin-ko ra tin-ko bubāko nām lekḫieko tḫiyo.

२. तिनको र तिनको बुबाको नाम लेखिएको थियो।

3. unī yahā͂ chênan` tara tyahā͂ cḫan`.

३. उनी यहाँ छैनन् तर त्यहाँ छन्।

4. tinīharū duī hoinan` tara euṭê śarīr hun`.

४. तिनीहरू दुई होइनन् तर एउटै शरीर हुन्।

5. taba un-le javāpḫ die.

५. तब उनले जवाफ दिए।

6. tinīharū ānandit ani pavitra hun`.

६. तिनीहरू आनन्दित अनि पवित्र हुन्।

7. ma birāmī cḫu, yas-kāraṇ-le ma āũdina.

७. म विरामी छु, यसकारणले म आउँदिन।

8. un-le bḫaniyo ki tyo satya hoina.

८. उनले भनियो कि त्यो सत्य होइन।

 

Answers:-

1. heaven and earth

2. His and his father’s name were written.

3. He (M) is not here but is there.

4. They (M)  are not two but are one flesh [ / body].

5. Then he (M) gave the answer.

6. They (M) are happy and holy.

7. I am ill, and for this reason I am not coming.

8. He (M) said that that is not the truth.

 

10.4.2—Task 10.4.2.

Translate the answers at Task 10.4.1 into Nepali.

 


 

                                  11

11 – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

 

Contents of Section 11

 

11.1—Pattern and Elements Used

11.1.1—[yadi] X bḫane Y—If X, then Y

11.1.1.1—The Condition

11.1.1.2—The Outcome

11.1.2—‘hunāle’—X being the case, [then] Y

11.1.3—Other devices to express conditions

11.2—Examples of Conditional Sentences

11.3—Tasks—Conditional Sentences

 

11.1—Pattern and Elements Used

 

There are two main ways for expressing a conditional clause and its outcome.

 

11.1.1—[yadi] X bḫane Y—If X, then Y

 

Two parts form this structure to express the condition and the possible outcome.  These sentences follow this pattern:-

 

  English structure:

      You come, say, I will go.

or  [If] you come, say, [then] I will go.

 

  Nepali structure:

      You come, said, I will go.

or  [If] you come, said, [then] I will go.

 

11.1.1.1—The Condition

 

In English ‘say’ is often used to convey the idea of: ‘Suppose this situation’.  More commonly English says: “If …,”.

In Nepali ‘bḫane’‘said’ is used to convey a similar idea.  Sometimes you will also meet the addition of ‘yadi’‘If’.

 

‘bḫane’ conveys the idea of:-

  ‘said’, or

  ‘having said’, or

  ‘If the situation is assumed in which…’.

 

bḫane’ is placed at the end of the clause that states a condition.

  timī viśvās gardê cô bḫane, …

  —You believe, say, …

  —If you believe, …

 

‘yadi’ is sometimes be inserted at the start of the condition to emphasize ‘If’.

  yadi unī āuna sakcḫa bḫane, …

  If he can come, say, …

  yadi tapāī āunubhayo bḫane, ma

    tapāīsãga jāncḫu.

  —If you have come, say, I’ll go wth you.

 

11.1.1.2—The Outcome

 

‘ta’‘so’ or ‘accordingly’ is sometimes added to signal the outcome, like ‘then’ is sometimes used in English.

 

  yadi tinī sutekā cḫan` bḫane ta ṭḫik

    huncḫan` holā.

  —If he (M) is sleeping, in that case he

        will get well, we expect.  (John 11:12)

 

‘taba’ is only rarely used instead of ‘ta’. However, ‘taba’ normally means ‘then’. It is often used elsewhere.  It also matches with ‘jaba’‘when’. (See 12.2.)

  taba hera!Then [ / So, but] look!

  taba me bḫanẽ: …Then I said: …

  taba swargamā laḍāī͂ bḫayo.

  —Then war broke out in heaven.

  jaba tyas-le jḫuṭ bolcḫa, taba āpḫno

    swabḫāb-anusārê bolcḫa.

  —When he speaks, [then] he speaks

        according to his own disposition.

 

11.1.2—‘hunāle’—X being the case, [then] Y

 

The key part of the cause or condition is:-

  -lebeing the case / because

 

See also the use of ‘hunāle’ to simplify the structure of present perfect clauses (5.12.6) and past perfect clauses (5.13.4).

 

The pattern is:-

  X-hunāle Y pani hos`.

  —X being the case, let Y then happen.

 

  ke timīle malāī dekḫeko hunāle viśvās

    garyô?

  —Did you (M) believe because [ / if]

        having seen me?  (John 20:29)

 

11.1.3—Other devices to express conditions

 

Often another way can be devized to express an outcome that is dependent on a certain condition.

 

Using ‘kām garna nacāhane’—‘a person who does not want to work’:-

  kām garna nacāhanele pani kḫā͂dā

    nakḫāos`.

  —Let anyone who does not want

        to work, also not eat.

  =If anyone does not want

        to work, neither let him eat.

        (2 Thessalonians 3:10)

 

11.2—Examples of Conditional Sentences

 

  timī kām garyo bḫane yo kitāb

    pāuncô.

  If you work, [then] you will receive

        this book.

 

  yadi kasêle “ma parameśvar-lāī prem

    garcḫu” bḫancḫa tara āpḫno bḫāilāī

    gḫŗṇā garcḫa bḫane ū jḫūṭā ho.

  —If anyone says “I love God” but hates

        his brother then he is a liar.

        (1 John 4:20)

 

  yadi parameśvar timīharūkā bubā

    hunuhũdo ho ta timīharūle malāī prem

      garne tḫiyô.

If God were your Father, [then] you

        would love me. (John 8:42)

 

  yadi mero prem cḫêna bḫane ma kehi

    pani hoinã.

  —If I do not have love, then I am nothing.

        (1 Corinthians 13:2)

 

  yadi uhā͂ timīharūsit ek hunuhunna bḫane

    ta timīharūle uhā͂ko anumodan pāekā

    rahenachô.

  —If he (H) is not one with YOU (M), in

        that case YOU are not continuing to

        receive his approval.

        (2 Corinthians 13:5)

 

  yadi mero rājya yas sãsār-ko hũdo ho

    ta mero sevak-harūle …   

  —If my kingdom were of this world,

        then by my servants … (John 18:36)

 

11.3—Tasks—Conditional Sentences

 

11.3.1—Task 11.3.1

Translate:-

1. yo narāmro cḫa bḫane ma yo paḍḫ`nu cāhandêna.

१. यो नराम्रो छ भने म यो पढ्नु चाहन्दैन।

2. unī āeko cḫan` bḫane timī kina un-lāī boleko chênô?

२. उनी आएको छन् भने तिमी किन उनलाई बोलेको छैनौ?

3. tapāī͂ jānnu huncḫa bḫane ke tapāī͂ malāī bḫannu hunna?

३. तपाई जान्नु हुन्छ भने के तपाई मलाई भन्नु हन्न?

4. timī yo kitāb paḍḫ`na sakcḫô bḫane sikna pani sakcḫô.

४. तिमी यो किताब पढ्न सक्छौ भने सिक्न पनि सक्छौ।

5. yadi timīle bujḫyo bḫane ta malāī uttar sikāuna sakcḫô.

५. यदि तिमीले बुझ्यो भने त मलाई उत्तर सिकाउन सक्छौ।

 

Answers:-

1. If this is bad, I don’t want to read it.

2. If he (M) has come, why haven’t you (M) spoken to him ?

3. If you (H)  know, will you not tell me ?

4. If you (M) can read this book, you can learn.

5. If you (M) understood, then you can teach me the answer.

 

11.3.2—Task 11.3.2

Translate:-

1. By this all will know that YOU (M) are my disciples—if YOU have love among yourselves. = {YOU have practised love, say} {YOU are my disciples} {having affirmed} {by all from this particularly} {are to gain awareness}. (John 13:35)

2. If anyone wants to come after me, let him (M) disown himself. (Matthew 16:24)

3. If you exercise faith in him, you are to gain salvation. (Romans 10:9)

 

Answers:-

1. timīharūle āpas-mā prem garyô bḫane timīharū merā celāharū hô bḫanī sabêle yasêbāṭa tḫāha pāunecḫan`.

१. तिमीहरूले आपसमा प्रेम गर्यौ भने तिमीहरू मेरा चेलाहरू हौ भनी सबैले यसैबाट थाह पाउनेछन्।

2. yadi kohī mero pacḫi āna cāhancḫa bḫane us-le āpḫulāī inkār garos`.

२. यदि कोही मेरो पछि आन चाहन्छ भने उसले आफुलाई इन्कार गरोस।

3. yadi timī uhā͂mātḫi viśvās garcḫô bḫane timīle uddḫār pāunecḫô.

३. यदि तिमी उहाँमाथि विश्वास गर्छौ भने तिमीले उद्धार पाउनेछौ।

 

11.3.3.

Translate the answers at Tasks 11.3.1 and 11.3.2 into the other language.

 

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                                  12

12 – INTERROGATIVES, RELATIVES & CORRELATIVES

 

Contents of Section 12

12.1—Pattern of Question, Detail, Effect

12.2—Matching Sets

12.3—Examples of Relative Sentences

12.4—Tasks—Relative Sentences

 

12.1—Pattern of Question, Detail, Effect

 

Related words form matching sets:-

  Interrogative—a question

  Relative—related details

  Correlative—resulting, correlated effect.

 

They work according to this question-and-answer pattern:-

 

Interrogative   Relative       Correlative  

        k- ?               j-                    t-             

kahā͂…?         jahā͂…,           tahā͂…             

kahā͂ jāncô? jahā͂ jā͂dê cô, tahā͂ ma jāncḫu

Where will    Where you                              

you go?         are going,      there I will go.

 

12.2—Matching Sets

 

     Interrogative   Relative     Correlative

What…?

     ke…?              je                  tyo              

What things…?

     ke-ke…?         je-je                               

Which…?

     kuna…?          juna              tinê             

Who…? (Singular)

     ko…?              jo                  tinī              

WHO…? (Plural)

     ko ko…?         jo-jo              tinīharū       

Why…?

     kina…?           yas-kāraṇ-le tāki /           

                                                 tyas-kāraṇ-le

When…?

     kahile…?        jahile/jaba    tahile / taba

Where…?

     kahā͂…?          jahā͂              tahā͂             

How…? / in what manner?

     kasarī…?        jasarī            tyasarī         

What sort of…?

     kasto…?         jasto              tyasto          

How much…?

     kati…?            jati                tyati            

Whose…?

     kas-ko…?       jas-ko           tyas-ko        

How many (persons)…?

     katijanā…?     jatijanā         tyatijanā     

How many (things/animals)…?

     kativaṭā…?     jativaṭā         tyativaṭā     

Whether …?

     ke..?                     -                    -             

 

12.3—Examples of Relative Sentences

 

  kahā͂ jāncô?Where will you go?

    timī jahā͂ jā͂dê cô, tahā͂ ma jāncḫu

  —Where you are going, there I will go.

 

  yo ke ho?What is this?

    timī malāī je kitāb diyo, yo tyo kitāb

      ho.

    —The book that you gave me, it is that

        book.

 

  kuna kitāb-harū rāmro?

  Which [plural] books are good?

    juna kitāb-harū satya bhancḫan`, tinê

      rāmrê hun`.

    —[Only] those books that tell the truth,

        these ones [only] are good.

 

  tī ke-ke hun`?

  What [plural] are these things?

    timī malāī je-je kitāb-harū diyo,

      kitāb-harū ho.

    The books that you gave me, [they are]

        those books.

 

  tahā͂ ko ca?Who is there?

    jo hijo āyo, tinī pḫeri yahā͂ ca.

    The one who came yesterday, he is

        here again.

 

  tahā͂ ko-ko ca?Who are there?

    jo-jo hijo āe, tinīharū pḫeri yahā͂ can`.

  —The ones who came yesterday, they are

        here again.

 

  timī kina āyô?Why did you come?

    ma yas-kāraṇ-le āẽ

    —I came for this reason,…

    tāki ma madat garū͂: ma tyas-kāraṇ-le

      āẽ.

    so that I might help:for that reason I

      came.

 

  timī kahile āũdê chô?

  When are you coming?

    jahile mero bhāi āuna sakca, tahile

      ma āũcḫu.

    When my brother can come, then I am

      coming.

 

  timī kahile āũdê chô?

  When are you coming?

    mero bhāi jaba āuna sakca, taba ma

      āũcḫu.

  —When my brother can come, then I am

        coming.

 

  unle yo sabê kasarī sikyo?

  How did he learn all this?

    śikṣak jasarī gardê hunuhunca, unī

      tyasarī sikdê ca.

  —Just as the teacher is doing he learns in

        that way

 

  ū kasto kām garca?

  What sort of work does he do?

    ule jasto kām garnu parca, ū tyasto*

      kām gardê ca.

  —The sort of work he should do, he’s

        doing that sort* of work.

* Or for emphasis, tyastê—exactly that sort

 

  usko kitāb kati rāmro ca?

  How good is his book?

    timro kitāb jati rāmro cḫa, us-ko kitāb

      tyati rāmro ca.

  As good as your book is,

—his book is that [/so] good

 

  yo kas-ko kitāb ho?Whose book is this?

    jas-ko kitāb-harū yahā͂ tḫie, yo tyas-ko

      kitāb ho.

  —The person whose books were here, this

        is that person’s book.

 

  katijanā bhāiharū yahā͂ thie?

  How many brothers were here?

    jatijanā bhāiharūko nām tyo kitāb-mā

      tḫie, tyatijanā bhāiharū yahā͂ thie.

  The number of brothers whose names

        were in the book, this number of

        brothers were here.

 

  ke timī āũdê chô?

  Whether you are coming?

        [Are you coming?]

 

12.4—Tasks—Relative Sentences

 

12.4.1—Task 12.4.1

Translate:-

1. timī kahā͂ jā͂dêcḫô? śikǎk jahā͂ bḫaniyo, tahā͂ jā͂dêcḫu.

१. तिमी कहाँ जाँदैछौ? शिक्षक जहाँ भनियो, तहाँ जाँदैछु।

2. ule ke bḫaneko cḫa? je us-ko kitāb-mā tḫiyo, us-le tyo bḫaniyo.

२. उले के भनेको छ? जे उसको किताबमा थियो, उसले त्यो भनियो।

3. timīle kunê kitāb paḍḫeko cḫô? juna kitāb yahā͂ tḫiyo, ma tinê paḍḫẽ.

३. तिमिले कुनै किताब पढेको छ? जुन किताब यहाँ थियो, म तिनै पढें।

4. ko-ko āeko cḫan`? jo-jo hijo āeko tḫiyo, unīharū pḫeri āeko cḫan`.

४. को-को आएको छन्? जो-जो हिजो आएको थियो, उनीहरू फेरि आएको छन्।

5. timro kām kina tayār cḫêna? mero ke pani kitāb thiena, tyas-kāraṇ-le tayār cḫêna.

५. तिम्रो काम किन तयार छैन? मेरो के पनि किताब थिएन, त्यसकारणले तयार छैन।

6. yo kas-ko kām ho? jas-ko śikṣak sab-bḫandā rāmro, tyas-ko kām ho.

६. यो कसको काम हो? जसको शिक्षक सबभन्दा राम्रो, त्यसको काम हो।

7. ke timī mero praśna bujḫna sakchô?

७. के तिमी मेरो प्रश्न बुझ्न सक्छौ?

 

Answers:-

1. Where are you (M) going? Where the teacher said, I’m going there.

2. What has he (L) said? What was in his book, he said that.

3. Exactly which books have you (M) read? The one that was here, I read that one.

4. WHO have come? Those who came yesterday, they (M) have come again.

5. Why is your (M) work not ready? I had no book, for that reason it is not ready.

6. Whose work is this? The person whose teacher is the best, his work it is.

7. Can you (M) understand my question?

 

12.4.2.

Translate the answers at Task 12.4.2 into Nepali.

 

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                                  13

13 –EXPRESSIONS WITHOUT EQUIVALENT

 

The main information in the original language has to be identified, and an acceptable alternative way has to be found of communicating enough of this in a way that is comfortable in the new language.

 

Give examples of some of the most important ones you find, especially if their construction is difficult to grasp.

 

      Nepali                        English

-era—in doing

  X bḫanera Y.

—In asking, “X?”, Y.

  namaste bḫanera gayo. (See 5.15.1, .2.)

—Saying, “Hello”, he went.

  usle timro kitāb yahā͂ cḫa bḫanera gayo. (See 5.15.1, .2.)

—In saying, “Your book is here”, he went.

—He said my book was here and went.

  mero kitāb timro gḫar-mā cha bḫanera ma yahā͂ āeko cḫu.

—With saying (to myself) [or, remembering], “My book is in your house”, I have come here.

—I remembered my book was in your house, and (so) I have come here.

 

  ma us-lāī bḫancḫu bḫaneko ta [/tara] unī āeko cḫêna.

    (See 5.15.3, .4.)

—Having said (to myself) [or, thinking/intending], “I will tell him”, however, he hasn’t come.

—I meant to tell him, but he didn’t come.

 

……….

—……………….

 

……….

—……………….

 

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                                     14

14 – ADDITIONAL FEATURES

 

It may be beneficial to add other important features of the Nepali language in order to facilitate a rapid but sufficiently accurate start to meaningful, fluent communication.

 

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                                  15

15 – MESSAGE FROM THE AUTHOR

 

Thanks to all who have assisted in the preparation of this document.  Best wishes to each reader.

 

The Author

 

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